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<p>The present study characterizes the heavy metal contamination in the bottom sediments of the Ganga River and the toxicity status of the associated aquatic environment. Cd was identified as a heavy metal of substantial concern, with levels surpassing baseline values, showing the effect of anthropogenic factors such as untreated urban-industrial wastewater and runoff from agricultural regions, among other local causes. The grain size distribution reveals that sediments contain dominant sand fractions (up to 60%), followed by silt and a small percentage of clay fractions. FTIR and XRD characterization of grains indicates the presence of silicate (mainly quartz), feldspar, clay, and carbonate group of minerals, while SEM–EDS characterization reveals the morphological variation of grain sizes, viz., platy, irregular, spongy, triangular or rectangular, crystal, and hexagonal appearances and EDS peaks confirmed the presence of metallic constituents, viz., Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, and others. Risk indices, including EF, show mild to severe enrichment as a result of higher Cd levels, while mPEL<sub>Q</sub> shows a 21% likelihood of toxicity with a medium–low degree of risk at specific sites as a result of synergistic action of heavy metals.</p>

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Geochemical characterization of heavy metal bearing phases in the sediments of Ganges, India: analyzing the toxicity status of sedimentary environment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月28日

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  • Abhijit Debnath,
  • Prabhat Kumar Singh,
  • Yogesh Chandra Sharma

摘要

The present study characterizes the heavy metal contamination in the bottom sediments of the Ganga River and the toxicity status of the associated aquatic environment. Cd was identified as a heavy metal of substantial concern, with levels surpassing baseline values, showing the effect of anthropogenic factors such as untreated urban-industrial wastewater and runoff from agricultural regions, among other local causes. The grain size distribution reveals that sediments contain dominant sand fractions (up to 60%), followed by silt and a small percentage of clay fractions. FTIR and XRD characterization of grains indicates the presence of silicate (mainly quartz), feldspar, clay, and carbonate group of minerals, while SEM–EDS characterization reveals the morphological variation of grain sizes, viz., platy, irregular, spongy, triangular or rectangular, crystal, and hexagonal appearances and EDS peaks confirmed the presence of metallic constituents, viz., Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, and others. Risk indices, including EF, show mild to severe enrichment as a result of higher Cd levels, while mPELQ shows a 21% likelihood of toxicity with a medium–low degree of risk at specific sites as a result of synergistic action of heavy metals.