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<p>In the first quarter of 2024, the Nigeria Meteorological Agency (NIMET) reported an unprecedented heat wave characterized by prolonged periods of elevated temperature and humidity, with mean atmospheric temperatures of 41 °C and 39 °C forecasted for the northern and southern regions, respectively. This preliminary study investigates the ambient concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄), two potent greenhouse gases (GHGs) implicated in global warming and climate change, within Benin City under extreme thermal conditions. Sampling was conducted across 11 strategically selected sites with high emission potential, utilizing pre-calibrated electrochemical sensors specific to each gas. Meteorological parameters, including temperature, humidity, and wind speed, were concurrently measured to assess their influence on GHG distributions. The mean CO₂ concentration recorded for the city was 525.80 ppm, surpassing the latest reported global average of 427.48 ppm, thereby contributing to the global CO₂ burden given its prolonged atmospheric residence time (~ 120 years). Spatial analysis revealed statistically significant variations (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), with the highest mean CO₂ level (604.80 ppm) observed in high-density open market zones, where uncontrolled combustion of municipal solid waste and severe traffic congestion dominate local emissions. Notably, this sector has been associated with poor air quality and a low life expectancy (~ 53 years) in the region. CH₄ concentrations were below detectable limits at all sampling locations, likely due to minimal anthropogenic emissions within the city. Meteorological assessments confirmed extreme thermal conditions, with a city-wide mean temperature of 37.0 °C exceeding the 35 °C heat wave threshold. Humidity levels averaged 64.6%, while wind speeds ranged from 0.1 to 7.4 m/s, indicating weak atmospheric dispersion potential. Statistical analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between CO₂ and humidity (<i>r</i> = 0.817, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01), whereas weak negative correlations were observed between CO₂ and both temperature (<i>r</i> = − 0.342) and wind speed (<i>r</i> = − 0.144). These findings underscore the complex interplay between meteorological dynamics and greenhouse gases (GHG) accumulation, highlighting the need for targeted mitigation strategies to address urban emissions under extreme climate conditions.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Electrochemical sensor-based assessment of CO₂ and CH₄ levels in Benin City under extreme heat wave conditions in Nigeria

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月18日

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  • Peter Ndem,
  • Osadebe Biose,
  • Eyo Effiong,
  • Selina Udegbe,
  • Justina E. Ukpebor,
  • Ikhazuagbe H. Ifijen,
  • Emmanuel E. Ukpebor

摘要

In the first quarter of 2024, the Nigeria Meteorological Agency (NIMET) reported an unprecedented heat wave characterized by prolonged periods of elevated temperature and humidity, with mean atmospheric temperatures of 41 °C and 39 °C forecasted for the northern and southern regions, respectively. This preliminary study investigates the ambient concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄), two potent greenhouse gases (GHGs) implicated in global warming and climate change, within Benin City under extreme thermal conditions. Sampling was conducted across 11 strategically selected sites with high emission potential, utilizing pre-calibrated electrochemical sensors specific to each gas. Meteorological parameters, including temperature, humidity, and wind speed, were concurrently measured to assess their influence on GHG distributions. The mean CO₂ concentration recorded for the city was 525.80 ppm, surpassing the latest reported global average of 427.48 ppm, thereby contributing to the global CO₂ burden given its prolonged atmospheric residence time (~ 120 years). Spatial analysis revealed statistically significant variations (p < 0.05), with the highest mean CO₂ level (604.80 ppm) observed in high-density open market zones, where uncontrolled combustion of municipal solid waste and severe traffic congestion dominate local emissions. Notably, this sector has been associated with poor air quality and a low life expectancy (~ 53 years) in the region. CH₄ concentrations were below detectable limits at all sampling locations, likely due to minimal anthropogenic emissions within the city. Meteorological assessments confirmed extreme thermal conditions, with a city-wide mean temperature of 37.0 °C exceeding the 35 °C heat wave threshold. Humidity levels averaged 64.6%, while wind speeds ranged from 0.1 to 7.4 m/s, indicating weak atmospheric dispersion potential. Statistical analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between CO₂ and humidity (r = 0.817, p < 0.01), whereas weak negative correlations were observed between CO₂ and both temperature (r = − 0.342) and wind speed (r = − 0.144). These findings underscore the complex interplay between meteorological dynamics and greenhouse gases (GHG) accumulation, highlighting the need for targeted mitigation strategies to address urban emissions under extreme climate conditions.

Graphical Abstract