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<p>Antibiotic resistance is an alarming issue nowadays due to the increased use of antibiotics in humans, veterinary, fisheries, etc. Sulfonamides are one group of highly used antibiotics frequently detected in the environmental matrices. So, in the present study, we evaluated the sorption and dissipation of two commonly detected sulfonamide antibiotics in water (sulfamethazine (SMZ) and sulfamethoxazole (SMXZ)) in sandy loam soil and irrigation waters in the tropical region. Soil samples were processed using modified QuEChERS and the residues were quantified using LC–MS/MS. Optimized sample processing methods gave recoveries in the range of 88–91% from soil and water. The sulfonamides persisted in soil and irrigation waters with an average half-life of 12–22&#xa0;days for SMZ and 20–33&#xa0;days for SMXZ in different moisture regimes in soil and 13&#xa0;days (SMZ) and 9&#xa0;days (SMXZ) in irrigation water. The sorption data fitted well to Freundlich isotherm and indicated hydrophobic partitioning as the major mechanism behind sorption. The antibiotics exhibited unfavorable sorption in sandy loam soil which led to their stronger potential to leach to groundwater as indicated by the Groundwater Ubiquity Scores (GUS) (2.19 for SMZ and 3.09 for SMXZ). The sorption was favored at acidic pH and the incorporation of compost in soil also favored the sorption process leading to high retention of these antibiotics onto the soil surface. The environmental risk assessment also indicates their tendency to develop antimicrobial resistance. So, these antibiotics should be used with proper measures to avoid adverse impacts on humans and the environment.</p>

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Unraveling fate of sulfonamide antibiotics in sandy loam soil and water of India and environmental risk assessment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年2月28日

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  • Neethu Narayanan,
  • Suman Gupta,
  • Priya Saini,
  • Neera Singh

摘要

Antibiotic resistance is an alarming issue nowadays due to the increased use of antibiotics in humans, veterinary, fisheries, etc. Sulfonamides are one group of highly used antibiotics frequently detected in the environmental matrices. So, in the present study, we evaluated the sorption and dissipation of two commonly detected sulfonamide antibiotics in water (sulfamethazine (SMZ) and sulfamethoxazole (SMXZ)) in sandy loam soil and irrigation waters in the tropical region. Soil samples were processed using modified QuEChERS and the residues were quantified using LC–MS/MS. Optimized sample processing methods gave recoveries in the range of 88–91% from soil and water. The sulfonamides persisted in soil and irrigation waters with an average half-life of 12–22 days for SMZ and 20–33 days for SMXZ in different moisture regimes in soil and 13 days (SMZ) and 9 days (SMXZ) in irrigation water. The sorption data fitted well to Freundlich isotherm and indicated hydrophobic partitioning as the major mechanism behind sorption. The antibiotics exhibited unfavorable sorption in sandy loam soil which led to their stronger potential to leach to groundwater as indicated by the Groundwater Ubiquity Scores (GUS) (2.19 for SMZ and 3.09 for SMXZ). The sorption was favored at acidic pH and the incorporation of compost in soil also favored the sorption process leading to high retention of these antibiotics onto the soil surface. The environmental risk assessment also indicates their tendency to develop antimicrobial resistance. So, these antibiotics should be used with proper measures to avoid adverse impacts on humans and the environment.