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<p>This study focused on <i>Botryosphaeria dothidea</i> (<i>B. dothidea</i>), the pathogen causing kiwifruit soft rot, and systematically evaluated the antagonistic potential of <i>Trichoderma asperellum</i> (<i>T. asperellum</i>) M1. Confrontation assays showed that M1 had a significantly higher inhibition rate (67.89%) than <i>Purpureocillium lilacinum</i> (<i>P. lilacinum</i>) and <i>T. asperellum</i> M2. The crude fermentation filtrate of M1 inhibited the <i>in vitro</i> growth of <i>B. dothidea</i> by 70.08%. In detached fruit assays, M1 provided 73.12% protective efficacy and 70.47% curative efficacy. Metabolomic profiling was conducted on the supernatant of fermentation cultures after removal of mycelia, revealing 3018 metabolites, including energy-related compounds such as citric acid, which accumulated significantly under co-culture conditions, and may directly inhibit the pathogen. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis showed upregulated energy-metabolism pathways, such as the tricarboxylic acid cycle, along with significant enrichment of defense- and stress-related pathways, including glutathione metabolism, ferroptosis, and phospholipase D signaling. These findings indicate M1 enhances its antagonistic capacity against <i>B. dothidea</i> through multiple, coordinated mechanisms, including regulated energy metabolism, synthesis of antifungal secondary metabolites, and activation of stress defense. Collectively, this study provides theoretical support for the application of <i>T. asperellum</i> M1 as a biocontrol agent against kiwifruit soft rot.</p>

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The biocontrol potential of Trichoderma asperellum M1 against kiwifruit soft rot caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月25日

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  • Qing Tan,
  • Jieyu Li,
  • Qian Zhou,
  • Chenlan Li,
  • Ziqin Bai,
  • Geng Liu,
  • Jieping Lin,
  • Hui Luo,
  • Wei Xue

摘要

This study focused on Botryosphaeria dothidea (B. dothidea), the pathogen causing kiwifruit soft rot, and systematically evaluated the antagonistic potential of Trichoderma asperellum (T. asperellum) M1. Confrontation assays showed that M1 had a significantly higher inhibition rate (67.89%) than Purpureocillium lilacinum (P. lilacinum) and T. asperellum M2. The crude fermentation filtrate of M1 inhibited the in vitro growth of B. dothidea by 70.08%. In detached fruit assays, M1 provided 73.12% protective efficacy and 70.47% curative efficacy. Metabolomic profiling was conducted on the supernatant of fermentation cultures after removal of mycelia, revealing 3018 metabolites, including energy-related compounds such as citric acid, which accumulated significantly under co-culture conditions, and may directly inhibit the pathogen. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis showed upregulated energy-metabolism pathways, such as the tricarboxylic acid cycle, along with significant enrichment of defense- and stress-related pathways, including glutathione metabolism, ferroptosis, and phospholipase D signaling. These findings indicate M1 enhances its antagonistic capacity against B. dothidea through multiple, coordinated mechanisms, including regulated energy metabolism, synthesis of antifungal secondary metabolites, and activation of stress defense. Collectively, this study provides theoretical support for the application of T. asperellum M1 as a biocontrol agent against kiwifruit soft rot.