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<p>Groundwater is a principal drinking-water source in Mainpur Block, a tribal region of Gariaband District, Chhattisgarh, India, where evidence on heavy-metal exposure and health risks remains limited. Groundwater samples collected from community drinking-water sources during 2023–2025 were analysed for Zn, Fe, Pb, Cr, Mn, and Cd using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The contamination was evaluated using Heavy Metal Pollution Index, Heavy Metal Evaluation Index, Degree of Contamination, and Metal Index, while health risks for adults and children were estimated, and spatial interpolation was used to identify priority hotspots. Pb and Cd were the major contaminants, with 79% and 86% of 2023 samples, respectively, exceeding the permissible limits prescribed by BIS IS 10500:2012, with maximum concentrations 33 and 9 times the respective limits. The average Heavy Metal Pollution Index was 486, and 83% of the sites were highly polluted. Mean hazard indices were 2.58 for adults and 6.71 for children; 62 of 63 scenarios of child exposure exceeded the safety threshold (HI &gt; 1). Screening-level lifetime carcinogenic risk exceeded the de minimis benchmark (10<sup>−</sup><sup>4</sup>) at 95% of locations. Principal component analysis associated Pb–Cd–Mn with anthropogenic influences and Fe–Cr with possible geogenic controls. Eighteen composite hotspots were identified for priority intervention. These findings support targeted groundwater monitoring, drinking-water safety planning, and mitigation in groundwater-dependent tribal communities.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Groundwater heavy-metal contamination and human health risks: carcinogenic, non-carcinogenic, and spatial hotspot assessment in a tribal region of central India

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月25日

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  • Prashant Sahu,
  • Navin Kumar Verma,
  • Vikas Kumar Jain,
  • Nitin Kumar Jaiswal

摘要

Groundwater is a principal drinking-water source in Mainpur Block, a tribal region of Gariaband District, Chhattisgarh, India, where evidence on heavy-metal exposure and health risks remains limited. Groundwater samples collected from community drinking-water sources during 2023–2025 were analysed for Zn, Fe, Pb, Cr, Mn, and Cd using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The contamination was evaluated using Heavy Metal Pollution Index, Heavy Metal Evaluation Index, Degree of Contamination, and Metal Index, while health risks for adults and children were estimated, and spatial interpolation was used to identify priority hotspots. Pb and Cd were the major contaminants, with 79% and 86% of 2023 samples, respectively, exceeding the permissible limits prescribed by BIS IS 10500:2012, with maximum concentrations 33 and 9 times the respective limits. The average Heavy Metal Pollution Index was 486, and 83% of the sites were highly polluted. Mean hazard indices were 2.58 for adults and 6.71 for children; 62 of 63 scenarios of child exposure exceeded the safety threshold (HI > 1). Screening-level lifetime carcinogenic risk exceeded the de minimis benchmark (10−4) at 95% of locations. Principal component analysis associated Pb–Cd–Mn with anthropogenic influences and Fe–Cr with possible geogenic controls. Eighteen composite hotspots were identified for priority intervention. These findings support targeted groundwater monitoring, drinking-water safety planning, and mitigation in groundwater-dependent tribal communities.

Graphical abstract