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<p>Heavy metal (HM) pollution in dumpsite soils is a major environmental concern in developing countries due to rapid population growth, urbanization, and unmanaged municipal solid waste (MSW). This study employed portable X-ray fluorescence (PXRF) to assess HM contamination in surface soils from the Anandabazar landfill in Chattogram, Bangladesh. Spatial distribution, contamination indices (geo-accumulation index, Igeo; enrichment factor, EF; contamination factor, CF; and ecological risk, ER), and human health risks (non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic) were evaluated for agricultural (AG) soils surrounding the landfill and landfill slope (LS) soils. The LS soils exhibited substantially higher HM concentrations than AG soils; often the mean values (e.g., Mn = 471&#xa0;mg&#xa0;kg<sup>−1</sup>; Zn = 675&#xa0;mg&#xa0;kg<sup>−1</sup>, Cu = 278&#xa0;mg&#xa0;kg<sup>−1</sup>, Pb = 313&#xa0;mg&#xa0;kg<sup>−1</sup>, Cr = 180&#xa0;mg&#xa0;kg<sup>−1</sup>, and As = 20&#xa0;mg&#xa0;kg<sup>−1</sup>) exceeded local geological backgrounds, indicating anthropogenic enrichment. Elevated concentrations of most of the HMs were observed, with spatial heterogeneity across AG soils influenced by leachate migration and terrain. In contrast, Sn, Co, Sb, and Ag showed patterns suggesting geogenic origins. While most AG soils remained within permissible limits, some exceeded thresholds (V, Co, Sb). Contamination indices indicated minimal contamination in AG soils but strong contamination (Igeo &gt; 3) in LS soils, particularly for Cu (3.95), Pb (3.93), and Zn (3.26). LS soils showed considerable risk (ER &gt; 80) for Cu, Pb, and As, whereas AG soils showed lower risk. Health risk assessment revealed non-carcinogenic risks (hazard index, HI &gt; 1) for both adults and children, with children more vulnerable. Lifetime carcinogenic risk was below the critical limit in AG soils; however, it was substantially higher in LS soils, especially for children. As a complementary test, some representative crops like spinach, mostly grown on the top of LS, were also screened by PXRF for HMs. Screening-level PXRF results suggested elevated HM concentrations in selected crop samples relative to food-safety guideline/reference values. Results indicated that landfill-derived HM contamination presents substantial risks warranting management intervention.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Portable X-ray fluorescence evaluation of heavy metals in landfill soils of Bangladesh: spatial distribution, ecological, and health risk assessment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月1日

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  • Sabrina Sharmeen Alam,
  • Masrur Moula,
  • Sabrina Shahjabeen Alam,
  • Somsubhra Chakraborty,
  • Partha Deb Roy,
  • Anshuman Nayak,
  • Sohag Miah,
  • David C. Weindorf

摘要

Heavy metal (HM) pollution in dumpsite soils is a major environmental concern in developing countries due to rapid population growth, urbanization, and unmanaged municipal solid waste (MSW). This study employed portable X-ray fluorescence (PXRF) to assess HM contamination in surface soils from the Anandabazar landfill in Chattogram, Bangladesh. Spatial distribution, contamination indices (geo-accumulation index, Igeo; enrichment factor, EF; contamination factor, CF; and ecological risk, ER), and human health risks (non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic) were evaluated for agricultural (AG) soils surrounding the landfill and landfill slope (LS) soils. The LS soils exhibited substantially higher HM concentrations than AG soils; often the mean values (e.g., Mn = 471 mg kg−1; Zn = 675 mg kg−1, Cu = 278 mg kg−1, Pb = 313 mg kg−1, Cr = 180 mg kg−1, and As = 20 mg kg−1) exceeded local geological backgrounds, indicating anthropogenic enrichment. Elevated concentrations of most of the HMs were observed, with spatial heterogeneity across AG soils influenced by leachate migration and terrain. In contrast, Sn, Co, Sb, and Ag showed patterns suggesting geogenic origins. While most AG soils remained within permissible limits, some exceeded thresholds (V, Co, Sb). Contamination indices indicated minimal contamination in AG soils but strong contamination (Igeo > 3) in LS soils, particularly for Cu (3.95), Pb (3.93), and Zn (3.26). LS soils showed considerable risk (ER > 80) for Cu, Pb, and As, whereas AG soils showed lower risk. Health risk assessment revealed non-carcinogenic risks (hazard index, HI > 1) for both adults and children, with children more vulnerable. Lifetime carcinogenic risk was below the critical limit in AG soils; however, it was substantially higher in LS soils, especially for children. As a complementary test, some representative crops like spinach, mostly grown on the top of LS, were also screened by PXRF for HMs. Screening-level PXRF results suggested elevated HM concentrations in selected crop samples relative to food-safety guideline/reference values. Results indicated that landfill-derived HM contamination presents substantial risks warranting management intervention.

Graphical abstract