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<p>This study systematically evaluated the efficacy of cyanobacterial biochar (CBC), nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAP), and apatite-doped cyanobacterial biochar (APB) in remediating manganese (Mn)-contaminated soil at smelting sites. The results showed that all APB-treated groups exhibited remediation effects, among which the APB2 treatment achieved the best performance. APB2 significantly enhanced Mn stability in the soil, increasing the residual fraction of Mn from 23.62% to 69.83% within 45 days, while reducing its bioavailability by 69.17%. Beyond Mn stabilization, APB2 markedly enhanced soil ecological functions, as reflected by a significant increase in alkaline phosphatase activity and moderate increases in acidic phosphatase and urease activities, indicating improved microbial metabolic activity. More importantly, microbial community analysis demonstrated that APB2 reshaped the soil microbiome toward a more functional and resilient structure by enriching taxa associated with heavy metal detoxification. Functional predictions further confirmed that APB2 promoted key metabolic processes and strengthened ecological resilience. Mechanistic characterization revealed the novelty of this composite strategy: CBC served not only as a porous carrier and nutrient source, but also as a structural platform for nHAP dispersion, while nHAP provided highly reactive adsorption and precipitation sites for metal immobilization. These findings highlight an innovative synergistic amendment that integrates cyanobacterial waste valorization with efficient heavy metal remediation, offering a sustainable and multifunctional strategy for contaminated soil restoration.</p>

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Apatite-doped cyanobacterial biochar for treating smelting site pollution: A “win–win” strategy for cyanobacteria resource recovery and heavy metal mitigation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月2日

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  • Rui Deng,
  • Haoyang Deng,
  • Wanning Ye,
  • Qingsheng Xu,
  • Long Du,
  • Shu Wang,
  • Zhengbo Yue,
  • Wentao Wu

摘要

This study systematically evaluated the efficacy of cyanobacterial biochar (CBC), nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAP), and apatite-doped cyanobacterial biochar (APB) in remediating manganese (Mn)-contaminated soil at smelting sites. The results showed that all APB-treated groups exhibited remediation effects, among which the APB2 treatment achieved the best performance. APB2 significantly enhanced Mn stability in the soil, increasing the residual fraction of Mn from 23.62% to 69.83% within 45 days, while reducing its bioavailability by 69.17%. Beyond Mn stabilization, APB2 markedly enhanced soil ecological functions, as reflected by a significant increase in alkaline phosphatase activity and moderate increases in acidic phosphatase and urease activities, indicating improved microbial metabolic activity. More importantly, microbial community analysis demonstrated that APB2 reshaped the soil microbiome toward a more functional and resilient structure by enriching taxa associated with heavy metal detoxification. Functional predictions further confirmed that APB2 promoted key metabolic processes and strengthened ecological resilience. Mechanistic characterization revealed the novelty of this composite strategy: CBC served not only as a porous carrier and nutrient source, but also as a structural platform for nHAP dispersion, while nHAP provided highly reactive adsorption and precipitation sites for metal immobilization. These findings highlight an innovative synergistic amendment that integrates cyanobacterial waste valorization with efficient heavy metal remediation, offering a sustainable and multifunctional strategy for contaminated soil restoration.