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<p>The remediation of petroleum-contaminated soil and groundwater is a critical environmental challenge in China’s pursuit of ecological civilization. Triton X-100 (TX-100), an efficient nonionic surfactant, shows significant potential for remediating petroleum-based pollutants due to its low critical micelle concentration (CMC) and high solubilization capacity. However, its environmental risks cannot be overlooked: it can degrade into endocrine-disrupting octylphenol (OP), inhibit microbial activity at high concentrations, and lose effectiveness through adsorption in organic-rich soils. This review systematically examines the synergistic “solubilization-migration” mechanism of TX-100 and its combined application with physical, chemical, and biological remediation technologies. Bibliometric and patent analyses are employed to identify current research priorities, technological trends, and key knowledge gaps, revealing persistent challenges in system compatibility, soil-type applicability, and long-term ecological safety. A quantitative assessment framework aligned with multidimensional national sustainability goals, including carbon emission targets, is proposed, along with an ecological risk management strategy centered on precise concentration control, efficient degradation techniques, and multi-technology integration. The findings confirm that TX-100 remediation technology holds considerable promise within China’s ecological development strategy. Future efforts should prioritize green modification, parameter standardization, and deeper technological integration to transition this approach from laboratory research to standardized engineering practice, ultimately delivering a green, efficient, and sustainable solution for achieving national environmental objectives.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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A review: remediation of petroleum-contaminated soil and groundwater by triton X-100 under ecological civilization construction of China

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月3日

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  • Jinlan Xu,
  • Xiang Li,
  • Jia Jia,
  • Lan Yang,
  • Yuhan Niu,
  • Miaolin Liu,
  • Hui Li,
  • Chongyue Guo,
  • Bo Wang

摘要

The remediation of petroleum-contaminated soil and groundwater is a critical environmental challenge in China’s pursuit of ecological civilization. Triton X-100 (TX-100), an efficient nonionic surfactant, shows significant potential for remediating petroleum-based pollutants due to its low critical micelle concentration (CMC) and high solubilization capacity. However, its environmental risks cannot be overlooked: it can degrade into endocrine-disrupting octylphenol (OP), inhibit microbial activity at high concentrations, and lose effectiveness through adsorption in organic-rich soils. This review systematically examines the synergistic “solubilization-migration” mechanism of TX-100 and its combined application with physical, chemical, and biological remediation technologies. Bibliometric and patent analyses are employed to identify current research priorities, technological trends, and key knowledge gaps, revealing persistent challenges in system compatibility, soil-type applicability, and long-term ecological safety. A quantitative assessment framework aligned with multidimensional national sustainability goals, including carbon emission targets, is proposed, along with an ecological risk management strategy centered on precise concentration control, efficient degradation techniques, and multi-technology integration. The findings confirm that TX-100 remediation technology holds considerable promise within China’s ecological development strategy. Future efforts should prioritize green modification, parameter standardization, and deeper technological integration to transition this approach from laboratory research to standardized engineering practice, ultimately delivering a green, efficient, and sustainable solution for achieving national environmental objectives.

Graphical abstract