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<p>Heavy metal (HM) contamination in agricultural soils adjacent to bauxite mining poses a significant risk to the ecological and human health. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of the degree of contamination, the spatial distribution, source apportionment, and probabilistic health risks assessment in bauxite mining-affected agricultural ecosystems in Eastern India. Soil samples (<i>n</i> = 120) were collected from the Rayagada district (Zone 1 = 60) and Koraput district (Zone 2 = 60) regions of Eastern India. Soils in both zones were found to acidic (Zone 1<sub>pH</sub>: 5.65 ± 0.45 and Zone 2<sub>pH</sub>: 5.62 ± 0.64) and low electrical conductivity (EC) values of (Zone 1 = 0.04 ± 0.01 and Zone 2 = 0.03 ± 0.01 mS/cm). In Zone 1, average values of Cr (249.05 ± 74.51&#xa0;mg/kg), Cd (4.73 ± 0.98&#xa0;mg/kg) and Fe (53,284.20 ± 12,889.27&#xa0;mg/kg) were significantly greater than Zone 2. Spatial distribution suggested high levels of HMs were associated close to the mining activities. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) revealed the four major pollution sources identified in this study, namely industrial, natural/geological, traffic-related, and agricultural inputs. Pollution indices revealed significant pollution (PLI: 1.56 in Zone 1; 1.08 in Zone 2), while ecological risk index values for Cr exceeding 600 in both zones. Although non-carcinogenic risk&#xa0;(HI &lt; 1) was within acceptable limits, carcinogenic risks—primarily attributed to Cr and Pb—were elevated for children (TCR = 1.01E-02). The Sobol sensitivity analysis found chromium, lead, and nickel as important contributors to carcinogenic risk. Overall, the findings emphasize the need for focused management, monitoring and long-term restoration in agricultural land affected by mining.</p>

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Assessing the geochemical impacts of bauxite mining to the neighbouring environment: a quantitative approach through risk assessment, sensitivity analysis and source apportionment of heavy metals

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月3日

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  • Mohammad,
  • Gourav Mondal,
  • Saibal Ghosh,
  • Sumit Kumar,
  • Pradip Bhattacharyya

摘要

Heavy metal (HM) contamination in agricultural soils adjacent to bauxite mining poses a significant risk to the ecological and human health. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of the degree of contamination, the spatial distribution, source apportionment, and probabilistic health risks assessment in bauxite mining-affected agricultural ecosystems in Eastern India. Soil samples (n = 120) were collected from the Rayagada district (Zone 1 = 60) and Koraput district (Zone 2 = 60) regions of Eastern India. Soils in both zones were found to acidic (Zone 1pH: 5.65 ± 0.45 and Zone 2pH: 5.62 ± 0.64) and low electrical conductivity (EC) values of (Zone 1 = 0.04 ± 0.01 and Zone 2 = 0.03 ± 0.01 mS/cm). In Zone 1, average values of Cr (249.05 ± 74.51 mg/kg), Cd (4.73 ± 0.98 mg/kg) and Fe (53,284.20 ± 12,889.27 mg/kg) were significantly greater than Zone 2. Spatial distribution suggested high levels of HMs were associated close to the mining activities. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) revealed the four major pollution sources identified in this study, namely industrial, natural/geological, traffic-related, and agricultural inputs. Pollution indices revealed significant pollution (PLI: 1.56 in Zone 1; 1.08 in Zone 2), while ecological risk index values for Cr exceeding 600 in both zones. Although non-carcinogenic risk (HI < 1) was within acceptable limits, carcinogenic risks—primarily attributed to Cr and Pb—were elevated for children (TCR = 1.01E-02). The Sobol sensitivity analysis found chromium, lead, and nickel as important contributors to carcinogenic risk. Overall, the findings emphasize the need for focused management, monitoring and long-term restoration in agricultural land affected by mining.