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<p>Atmospheric ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) and emissions resulting from combustion are major contributors to the formation and toxicity of fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) in areas characterized by intensive livestock farming. However, the combined effects of these factors are not well understood. This study examined the diurnal variability, source contributions, and oxidative potential of PM<sub>2.5</sub> in a suburban area affected by intensive livestock operations and nearby waste incineration. Real-time gas-phase measurements and three-hour integrated PM<sub>2.5</sub> chemical analyses were conducted during the September 2024 and February 2025 campaigns. Positive matrix factorization identified four major PM<sub>2.5</sub> sources: Waste-influenced nitrate-rich aerosol (36%), secondary sulfate with residual oil combustion (24%), (non-)exhaust traffic emissions (20%), crustal and resuspended soil dust (20%). Waste-influenced nitrate-rich aerosol, characterized by levoglucosan, mannosan, and terephthalic acid, exhibited pronounced nighttime enhancements, indicating intensified waste incineration during these periods. In 2024, inorganic aerosols were the primary contributors to oxidative activity, while in 2025, combustion-derived organic aerosols took precedence. These findings highlight that PM<sub>2.5</sub> mass and toxicity in livestock-intensive regions are jointly influenced by agricultural NH<sub>3</sub> and combustion sources, emphasizing the need for integrated and seasonally targeted emission control strategies.</p> Graphical abstract

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Influence of agricultural ammonia and waste burning on PM2.5 composition in a livestock-intensive suburban region

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月3日

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  • Hajeong Jeon,
  • Dong-Hoon Ko,
  • Woojun Kim,
  • Min-Suk Bae

摘要

Atmospheric ammonia (NH3) and emissions resulting from combustion are major contributors to the formation and toxicity of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in areas characterized by intensive livestock farming. However, the combined effects of these factors are not well understood. This study examined the diurnal variability, source contributions, and oxidative potential of PM2.5 in a suburban area affected by intensive livestock operations and nearby waste incineration. Real-time gas-phase measurements and three-hour integrated PM2.5 chemical analyses were conducted during the September 2024 and February 2025 campaigns. Positive matrix factorization identified four major PM2.5 sources: Waste-influenced nitrate-rich aerosol (36%), secondary sulfate with residual oil combustion (24%), (non-)exhaust traffic emissions (20%), crustal and resuspended soil dust (20%). Waste-influenced nitrate-rich aerosol, characterized by levoglucosan, mannosan, and terephthalic acid, exhibited pronounced nighttime enhancements, indicating intensified waste incineration during these periods. In 2024, inorganic aerosols were the primary contributors to oxidative activity, while in 2025, combustion-derived organic aerosols took precedence. These findings highlight that PM2.5 mass and toxicity in livestock-intensive regions are jointly influenced by agricultural NH3 and combustion sources, emphasizing the need for integrated and seasonally targeted emission control strategies.

Graphical abstract