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<p>Groundwater is a critical resource for health, agriculture, and ecosystems in semi-dry regions. In the Karur district of Southern India, hard-rock aquifers serve as the primary source of drinking water. To evaluate seasonal variations in groundwater quality and fluoride (F<sup>−</sup>) mobilization, 173 samples were analysed during the pre-monsoon (PRM) and post-monsoon (POM) periods. Hydrogeochemical processes, including halite dissolution, evaporation, silicate weathering, and ion exchange, were identified as major controls on groundwater chemistry. The evolution of faces from Ca-HCO<sub>3</sub> to Ca-Cl, Na-Cl, and Ca-Na-HCO<sub>3</sub> types reflects water quality degradations. Geochemical modelling confirmed saturation of halite, gypsum, dolomite, and fluorite, consistent with long-term rock-water interaction and fluoride release. Groundwater quality index (GWQI) revealed values ranging from 41&#xa0;to 178, with better quality observed during the pre‑monsoon period. GIS‑based GWQI mapping highlights recharge dynamics, water–rock interactions, and anthropogenic influences. Elevated fluoride concentrations were observed in deeper aquifers (20–30&#xa0;m) before monsoon recharge, with dilution reducing the level afterwards. Health risk assessment supported by Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) revealed that children are vulnerable, with hazard quotients exceeding safe limits. These findings provide new insights into the hydrogeochemical evolution of hard rock aquifers. They emphasize the need for targeted fluoride mitigation strategies to safeguard public health in semi‑arid regions.</p>

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Hydrogeochemical evaluations of fluoride rich groundwater and associated health risks in the hard rock region of Karur district, Southern India: Implications from seasonality effects

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月20日

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  • K. Kalaivanan,
  • D. Karunanidhi,
  • Deepali Marghade,
  • M. Rhishi Hari Raj,
  • T. Subramani

摘要

Groundwater is a critical resource for health, agriculture, and ecosystems in semi-dry regions. In the Karur district of Southern India, hard-rock aquifers serve as the primary source of drinking water. To evaluate seasonal variations in groundwater quality and fluoride (F−) mobilization, 173 samples were analysed during the pre-monsoon (PRM) and post-monsoon (POM) periods. Hydrogeochemical processes, including halite dissolution, evaporation, silicate weathering, and ion exchange, were identified as major controls on groundwater chemistry. The evolution of faces from Ca-HCO3 to Ca-Cl, Na-Cl, and Ca-Na-HCO3 types reflects water quality degradations. Geochemical modelling confirmed saturation of halite, gypsum, dolomite, and fluorite, consistent with long-term rock-water interaction and fluoride release. Groundwater quality index (GWQI) revealed values ranging from 41 to 178, with better quality observed during the pre‑monsoon period. GIS‑based GWQI mapping highlights recharge dynamics, water–rock interactions, and anthropogenic influences. Elevated fluoride concentrations were observed in deeper aquifers (20–30 m) before monsoon recharge, with dilution reducing the level afterwards. Health risk assessment supported by Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) revealed that children are vulnerable, with hazard quotients exceeding safe limits. These findings provide new insights into the hydrogeochemical evolution of hard rock aquifers. They emphasize the need for targeted fluoride mitigation strategies to safeguard public health in semi‑arid regions.