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<p>This study investigated the distribution, geochemical fractions, bioavailability, mobility, sources, and ecological risks of heavy metals (Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) in the sediments of the highly urbanized tropical (Netravathi-Gurupur) estuary, India. he estuary sediment pollution was evaluated using enrichment factor (EF), geoaccumulation index (Igeo), sediment quality guidelines, risk assessment code (RAC), individual and global contamination factors (ICF and GCF), bioavailability indices (BI and BIT), mobility index (MI), and potential ecological risk factor of individual heavy metal (MEr). The EF and Igeo results identified Cu as the primary contaminant. Bioavailable metal concentrations of Ni and Cu frequently exceeded threshold effect level, effect range low and probable effect level values. However, Cd contributed the most to the overall ecological risk due to the dominance of the acid-soluble fraction of Cd and its enrichment in surface sediments. The potential ecological toxicity of Cd was further supported by multiple ecological risk indices (RAC, IFC, BI, MI and MEr). Source identification using dual hierarchical cluster analysis clearly separated the Gurupur stretch from Netravathi stretch and indicated common anthropogenic sources for the labile fractions of Zn, Cu, Cr, Cd, and Pb. Overall, the study suggests that metal fractionation and bioavailability provide a more realistic assessment of ecological risk than total metal concentrations alone. The findings emphasize the need for targeted pollution control and continuous monitoring programs to ensure sustainable management and ecological protection of the estuarine system.</p>

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Distribution and mobility of heavy metals in the sediments of a highly urbanized tropical estuary (Netravathi–Gurupur estuary, southwestern coast, India)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月15日

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  • Sonalika Sahoo,
  • Ajoy Saha,
  • D. J. Sarkar,
  • M. Feroz Khan,
  • M. E. Vijaykumar,
  • S. Samanta,
  • B. K. Das,
  • Lokenath Chakraborty,
  • Tania Kayal

摘要

This study investigated the distribution, geochemical fractions, bioavailability, mobility, sources, and ecological risks of heavy metals (Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) in the sediments of the highly urbanized tropical (Netravathi-Gurupur) estuary, India. he estuary sediment pollution was evaluated using enrichment factor (EF), geoaccumulation index (Igeo), sediment quality guidelines, risk assessment code (RAC), individual and global contamination factors (ICF and GCF), bioavailability indices (BI and BIT), mobility index (MI), and potential ecological risk factor of individual heavy metal (MEr). The EF and Igeo results identified Cu as the primary contaminant. Bioavailable metal concentrations of Ni and Cu frequently exceeded threshold effect level, effect range low and probable effect level values. However, Cd contributed the most to the overall ecological risk due to the dominance of the acid-soluble fraction of Cd and its enrichment in surface sediments. The potential ecological toxicity of Cd was further supported by multiple ecological risk indices (RAC, IFC, BI, MI and MEr). Source identification using dual hierarchical cluster analysis clearly separated the Gurupur stretch from Netravathi stretch and indicated common anthropogenic sources for the labile fractions of Zn, Cu, Cr, Cd, and Pb. Overall, the study suggests that metal fractionation and bioavailability provide a more realistic assessment of ecological risk than total metal concentrations alone. The findings emphasize the need for targeted pollution control and continuous monitoring programs to ensure sustainable management and ecological protection of the estuarine system.