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<p>Heavy metal(loid)s (HMs) contamination in aquatic sediments poses critical threats to ecosystems and public health, driving intensive research into in situ remediation technologies that offer minimal ecological disturbance and cost-effectiveness. This review systematically investigates mainstream and emerging techniques for HMs-contaminated sediment remediation, encompassing established methods such as physical capping, chemical stabilization, phytoremediation, and microbial remediation, alongside innovative approaches including nanoremediation and electrokinetic treatment. Physical capping controls pollutant release via isolation and adsorption, though long-term efficacy can be compromised by sediment consolidation and gas ebullition. Chemical stabilization employs amendments such as biochar and minerals to reduce HMs bioavailability through adsorption, precipitation, and redox mechanisms. Phytoremediation and microbial remediation represent environmentally sustainable approaches leveraging natural metabolic processes for HMs extraction, stabilization, or transformation. Nanoremediation achieves superior passivation using highly reactive nanomaterials like nanoscale zero-valent iron and nano-hydroxyapatite, while electrokinetic remediation applies electric fields to facilitate HMs migration, proving particularly effective in low-permeability sediments. Significantly, technology integration generates substantial synergistic effects. Coupling bioleaching with Fenton-like reactions enhanced Cd removal efficiency from approximately 90 to 99.5%, whereas nano-silica modification of cement-based stabilization improved Pb immobilization from 88.7 to 97.6%. These advances underscore the superior precision and efficiency of coupled technologies for complex pollution scenarios. This comprehensive review elucidates fundamental principles, recent progress, application potential, and inherent limitations of current remediation strategies, while identifying critical future development trends essential for advancing sustainable and effective sediment restoration practices in contaminated aquatic environments.</p>

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Research progress on in situ remediation technologies for heavy metal(loid)s contaminated sediments in rivers and lakes

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月10日

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  • Zhonghong Li,
  • Min Gao

摘要

Heavy metal(loid)s (HMs) contamination in aquatic sediments poses critical threats to ecosystems and public health, driving intensive research into in situ remediation technologies that offer minimal ecological disturbance and cost-effectiveness. This review systematically investigates mainstream and emerging techniques for HMs-contaminated sediment remediation, encompassing established methods such as physical capping, chemical stabilization, phytoremediation, and microbial remediation, alongside innovative approaches including nanoremediation and electrokinetic treatment. Physical capping controls pollutant release via isolation and adsorption, though long-term efficacy can be compromised by sediment consolidation and gas ebullition. Chemical stabilization employs amendments such as biochar and minerals to reduce HMs bioavailability through adsorption, precipitation, and redox mechanisms. Phytoremediation and microbial remediation represent environmentally sustainable approaches leveraging natural metabolic processes for HMs extraction, stabilization, or transformation. Nanoremediation achieves superior passivation using highly reactive nanomaterials like nanoscale zero-valent iron and nano-hydroxyapatite, while electrokinetic remediation applies electric fields to facilitate HMs migration, proving particularly effective in low-permeability sediments. Significantly, technology integration generates substantial synergistic effects. Coupling bioleaching with Fenton-like reactions enhanced Cd removal efficiency from approximately 90 to 99.5%, whereas nano-silica modification of cement-based stabilization improved Pb immobilization from 88.7 to 97.6%. These advances underscore the superior precision and efficiency of coupled technologies for complex pollution scenarios. This comprehensive review elucidates fundamental principles, recent progress, application potential, and inherent limitations of current remediation strategies, while identifying critical future development trends essential for advancing sustainable and effective sediment restoration practices in contaminated aquatic environments.