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<p>The Thrace Region of Türkiye hosts diverse lacustrine habitats (LH) that are particularly vulnerable to potentially toxic elements (PTEs). This study investigated 25 PTEs in 33 LH, including 19 irrigation ponds, 12 reservoirs, and 2 natural lakes, across dry and wet seasons. Concentrations varied considerably, with Na and Mg showing the highest levels across all sites and seasons. Seasonal changes were pronounced: several PTEs, including Li, B, Na, and Mg, were strongly diluted during the wet season (up to 99%), while others, such as Cu, Zn, Sr, and Fe, were enriched under these conditions. Ecological risk indices e.g., heavy metal pollution index (HPI &lt; 100) and, heavy metal evaluation index (HEI &lt; 10) indicated generally low contamination levels in the LH, whereas irrigation water quality indices revealed high-risk conditions in Gala and Pamuklu lakes. Human health risk assessment showed that non-carcinogenic risks were within acceptable limits, hazard index (HI &lt; 1) for all age groups, and the carcinogenic risks (CR &gt; 10⁻<sup>4</sup>) slightly exceeded the threshold for children, primarily due to Ni, As, and Pb. Principal component analysis (PCA) explained 72.5% of the total variance and attributed PTEs to three dominant source categories: industrial, agricultural, and geogenic. Cluster analysis further grouped the habitats into three clusters reflecting similarities in their PTE profiles.</p>

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Seasonal variation of potentially toxic elements in lacustrine habitats in the Thrace region, Türkiye: ecological and human health implications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月4日

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  • Cem Tokatlı,
  • Said Muhammad

摘要

The Thrace Region of Türkiye hosts diverse lacustrine habitats (LH) that are particularly vulnerable to potentially toxic elements (PTEs). This study investigated 25 PTEs in 33 LH, including 19 irrigation ponds, 12 reservoirs, and 2 natural lakes, across dry and wet seasons. Concentrations varied considerably, with Na and Mg showing the highest levels across all sites and seasons. Seasonal changes were pronounced: several PTEs, including Li, B, Na, and Mg, were strongly diluted during the wet season (up to 99%), while others, such as Cu, Zn, Sr, and Fe, were enriched under these conditions. Ecological risk indices e.g., heavy metal pollution index (HPI < 100) and, heavy metal evaluation index (HEI < 10) indicated generally low contamination levels in the LH, whereas irrigation water quality indices revealed high-risk conditions in Gala and Pamuklu lakes. Human health risk assessment showed that non-carcinogenic risks were within acceptable limits, hazard index (HI < 1) for all age groups, and the carcinogenic risks (CR > 10⁻4) slightly exceeded the threshold for children, primarily due to Ni, As, and Pb. Principal component analysis (PCA) explained 72.5% of the total variance and attributed PTEs to three dominant source categories: industrial, agricultural, and geogenic. Cluster analysis further grouped the habitats into three clusters reflecting similarities in their PTE profiles.