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<p>Titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) nanoparticles were green-synthesized using whole <i>Gracilaria edulis.</i> The <i>G. edulis</i> was washed, dried, powdered and extracted, which is rich with various natural reducing, stabilizing, and capping agents. The TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles confirmed with strong UV–Vis absorption with peaks between 250 and 350&#xa0;nm, consistent with the anatase TiO<sub>2</sub> band gap. FTIR analysis revealed surface hydroxyl groups and organic residues from the algal extract, potentially facilitating reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. XRD confirmed a highly crystalline nature of green-synthesized TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles and showed irregular nanoscale morphology by SEM, while EDS confirmed Ti and O with minor algal-derived elements. TEM images showed mostly spherical, well-dispersed nanoparticles with minimal aggregation. Antimicrobial evaluation demonstrated stronger inhibition, with MIC values of 0.50&#xa0;mg/mL for <i>bacteria</i> and 0.25&#xa0;mg/mL for fungi. Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under sunlight achieved efficiencies of 90.1–94.4% at neutral pH (7) and 88.3–90.1% at alkaline pH (9), with performance improving at higher TiO<sub>2</sub> loadings (10–30&#xa0;ppm), while acidic pH showed slightly lower but variable degradation. Immobilization within sodium alginate produced uniform, stable beads with minimal leaching, suitable for reuse, and biofilm assays demonstrated concentration-dependent inhibition of bacterial biofilm formation. These results highlight that <i>G. edulis</i>-mediated TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles are promising sustainable materials in wastewater treatment and antimicrobial work because they have good physiochemical properties, strong antimicrobial and anti-biofilm action, and high dye degradation by photocatalysts.</p>

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Sustainable fabrication of TiO2 nanoparticles using Gracilaria edulis extract: a study on biofilm inhibition and photocatalytic industrial dye degradation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月28日

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  • Sivakumar Murugesan,
  • Sumathy Rengarajan,
  • Alagendran Subbarayalu,
  • Sukirtha Raman,
  • Renuga Devi Navaneethan,
  • Sahaya Sathish S,
  • Raja Rajeshwari G,
  • Arjun Pandian,
  • Bharathiraja Chinnapandi

摘要

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were green-synthesized using whole Gracilaria edulis. The G. edulis was washed, dried, powdered and extracted, which is rich with various natural reducing, stabilizing, and capping agents. The TiO2 nanoparticles confirmed with strong UV–Vis absorption with peaks between 250 and 350 nm, consistent with the anatase TiO2 band gap. FTIR analysis revealed surface hydroxyl groups and organic residues from the algal extract, potentially facilitating reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. XRD confirmed a highly crystalline nature of green-synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles and showed irregular nanoscale morphology by SEM, while EDS confirmed Ti and O with minor algal-derived elements. TEM images showed mostly spherical, well-dispersed nanoparticles with minimal aggregation. Antimicrobial evaluation demonstrated stronger inhibition, with MIC values of 0.50 mg/mL for bacteria and 0.25 mg/mL for fungi. Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under sunlight achieved efficiencies of 90.1–94.4% at neutral pH (7) and 88.3–90.1% at alkaline pH (9), with performance improving at higher TiO2 loadings (10–30 ppm), while acidic pH showed slightly lower but variable degradation. Immobilization within sodium alginate produced uniform, stable beads with minimal leaching, suitable for reuse, and biofilm assays demonstrated concentration-dependent inhibition of bacterial biofilm formation. These results highlight that G. edulis-mediated TiO2 nanoparticles are promising sustainable materials in wastewater treatment and antimicrobial work because they have good physiochemical properties, strong antimicrobial and anti-biofilm action, and high dye degradation by photocatalysts.