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<p>Although the therapeutic and health benefits of geothermal water are widely recognized by the public, the risks associated with its components have also drawn attention. However, in the eastern part of Shandong Province where low-temperature geothermal water is widely distributed, the risks to residents’ health posed by harmful components in the geothermal water have not yet been fully recognized and effectively addressed. In the eastern part of Shandong Province bounded by the Tanlu Fault (EST), the concentrations of fluoride (F) in all geothermal waters and arsenic (As) in some geothermal waters exceed the permissible limits set by the national standard (GB 5749-2022), with As at 0.01&#xa0;mg/L and F at 1&#xa0;mg/L. This study employs multivariate statistical analysis, hydrogeochemical methods, and a health risk assessment model coupled with Monte Carlo simulation to reveal the driving factors of F and As enrichment in geothermal waters and their associated health risks. This study reveals that, in addition to natural mechanisms (dissolution and precipitation, cation exchange, alkaline environment) influencing the concentrations of F and As in geothermal water, anthropogenic factors (agricultural activities) have also become important drivers for As enrichment in geothermal water. Hierarchical clustering categorized the water samples into two groups. Both deterministic and probabilistic health risk assessments indicated that children faced higher risks than adults. The risk from ingestion exposure far exceeded that from dermal contact, with more than 91% and 99% of the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks due to ingestion reaching alert or unacceptable levels, respectively. While the risk from dermal contact was negligible for most samples, attention should be paid to the carcinogenic risk in Cluster A, which has reached an alert level. This research can provide insights into the enrichment mechanisms of F and As in geothermal water and offer valuable references for government departments in the risk management and rational application of geothermal water.</p>

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Driving forces and health risks of fluoride and arsenic in geothermal water: insights from hydrogeochemical analysis, deterministic and Monte Carlo models

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月8日

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  • Yuqi Zhang,
  • Ruoyi Huang,
  • Zongjun Gao,
  • Yiru Niu

摘要

Although the therapeutic and health benefits of geothermal water are widely recognized by the public, the risks associated with its components have also drawn attention. However, in the eastern part of Shandong Province where low-temperature geothermal water is widely distributed, the risks to residents’ health posed by harmful components in the geothermal water have not yet been fully recognized and effectively addressed. In the eastern part of Shandong Province bounded by the Tanlu Fault (EST), the concentrations of fluoride (F) in all geothermal waters and arsenic (As) in some geothermal waters exceed the permissible limits set by the national standard (GB 5749-2022), with As at 0.01 mg/L and F at 1 mg/L. This study employs multivariate statistical analysis, hydrogeochemical methods, and a health risk assessment model coupled with Monte Carlo simulation to reveal the driving factors of F and As enrichment in geothermal waters and their associated health risks. This study reveals that, in addition to natural mechanisms (dissolution and precipitation, cation exchange, alkaline environment) influencing the concentrations of F and As in geothermal water, anthropogenic factors (agricultural activities) have also become important drivers for As enrichment in geothermal water. Hierarchical clustering categorized the water samples into two groups. Both deterministic and probabilistic health risk assessments indicated that children faced higher risks than adults. The risk from ingestion exposure far exceeded that from dermal contact, with more than 91% and 99% of the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks due to ingestion reaching alert or unacceptable levels, respectively. While the risk from dermal contact was negligible for most samples, attention should be paid to the carcinogenic risk in Cluster A, which has reached an alert level. This research can provide insights into the enrichment mechanisms of F and As in geothermal water and offer valuable references for government departments in the risk management and rational application of geothermal water.