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<p>Atmospheric deposition plays a significant role in introducing cadmium (Cd) into agroecological systems; however, the understanding of its accumulation and toxic effects on crops through foliar and root uptake remains limited. In this study, we simulated atmospherically deposited Cd using cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles. A factorial pot experiment with both foliar and soil exposure to CdS was conducted to investigate the bioaccumulation and phytotoxic effects of simulated deposited Cd in wheat. The results indicated that Cd concentrations in various wheat tissues (roots, stems, leaves, husks, and grains) significantly increased (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) under both exposure pathways. For grains, foliar exposure increased Cd levels by 14-fold with a low dose of exposure and by 90-fold with a high dose of exposure. Under soil exposure, grain Cd levels increased threefold in the low-dose exposure and ninefold in the high-dose exposure. Foliar exposure led to a greater increase in Cd accumulation in grains compared to soil exposure, suggesting that foliar absorption may be the primary pathway for Cd accumulation from simulated atmospheric deposition in the edible parts of wheat. Additionally, foliar exposure resulted in more pronounced reductions in leaf antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD and CAT, 23–39%) and sulfhydryl (-SH, 17–50%) content, indicating potentially more severe oxidative damage from foliar exposure. However, the concentrations of essential mineral elements (Ca, Mn, Zn, Fe) of grains significantly decreased under both exposure pathways. Furthermore, both exposure modes significantly altered the protein and amino acid content of the grains. Under high exposure levels, the tyrosine content of grains significantly decreased (approximately 9.5%) with foliar exposure, while the levels of valine, methionine, and isoleucine significantly decreased (11–59%) under soil exposure. These findings underscore the significant role of foliar absorption in Cd accumulation in wheat grains and suggest the phytotoxic effects of soil exposure to atmospherically deposited Cd.</p> Graphic abstract <p></p>

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Cadmium accumulation and toxic effects on wheat under foliar and soil exposure to the simulated atmospheric deposition of cadmium

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月26日

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  • Mengling Huang,
  • Xiuting Rong,
  • Yuansong Ding,
  • Xianlong Gao,
  • Min Li,
  • Xiaozhi Wang,
  • Hailong Liu

摘要

Atmospheric deposition plays a significant role in introducing cadmium (Cd) into agroecological systems; however, the understanding of its accumulation and toxic effects on crops through foliar and root uptake remains limited. In this study, we simulated atmospherically deposited Cd using cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles. A factorial pot experiment with both foliar and soil exposure to CdS was conducted to investigate the bioaccumulation and phytotoxic effects of simulated deposited Cd in wheat. The results indicated that Cd concentrations in various wheat tissues (roots, stems, leaves, husks, and grains) significantly increased (p < 0.05) under both exposure pathways. For grains, foliar exposure increased Cd levels by 14-fold with a low dose of exposure and by 90-fold with a high dose of exposure. Under soil exposure, grain Cd levels increased threefold in the low-dose exposure and ninefold in the high-dose exposure. Foliar exposure led to a greater increase in Cd accumulation in grains compared to soil exposure, suggesting that foliar absorption may be the primary pathway for Cd accumulation from simulated atmospheric deposition in the edible parts of wheat. Additionally, foliar exposure resulted in more pronounced reductions in leaf antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD and CAT, 23–39%) and sulfhydryl (-SH, 17–50%) content, indicating potentially more severe oxidative damage from foliar exposure. However, the concentrations of essential mineral elements (Ca, Mn, Zn, Fe) of grains significantly decreased under both exposure pathways. Furthermore, both exposure modes significantly altered the protein and amino acid content of the grains. Under high exposure levels, the tyrosine content of grains significantly decreased (approximately 9.5%) with foliar exposure, while the levels of valine, methionine, and isoleucine significantly decreased (11–59%) under soil exposure. These findings underscore the significant role of foliar absorption in Cd accumulation in wheat grains and suggest the phytotoxic effects of soil exposure to atmospherically deposited Cd.

Graphic abstract