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<p>Potential toxic elements (PTEs) pollution has become an important ecological and environmental concern in agricultural soil. The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations and potential sources, besides the evaluation of ecological, environmental, and human health risks of PTEs in agricultural soils of Muğla province of Türkiye. For this purpose, 234 soil samples were taken and analysed for total cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn). The mean concentrations of Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn were 1.95, 34.64, 156.3, 368.0, 53.95, 43.64, 31,467, 917.6, and 67.96&#xa0;mg&#xa0;kg<sup>−1</sup>. Mean concentrations of Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb, Cu, and Mn exceeded the upper continental crust, world soil average and European soil average values. Pollution indices of soils indicated serious pollution for Cd and Ni. Principal component analyses and Pearson correlation analysis indicated that Co, Cr, and Fe mainly originated from lithogenic sources, while Cd, Cu, Pb, Mn, and Zn originated from anthropogenic sources. Hazard index (HI) values of PTEs were &lt; 1, suggesting that absent non-carcinogenic health risks to adult residents. In addition, the total carcinogenic risk (TCR) values except for Cr, suggest that carcinogenic risks for residents were not expected. Ingestion was the main pathway of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk to human health. The results showed that children were more sensitive to the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects of PTEs. Agrochemicals were identified as major sources of PTEs contamination in the study area.</p>

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Ecological and human health risk assessment of potential toxic elements in agricultural soils in Muğla Province, Türkiye

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月19日

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  • Filiz Öktüren Asri,
  • Elif Işıl Demirtaş,
  • Murat Şimşek,
  • M. Ensar Ertürk,
  • Nuri Ari,
  • Cevdet Fehmi Özkan,
  • Ömer Özbek,
  • Dilek Güven,
  • Nuri Çağlayan

摘要

Potential toxic elements (PTEs) pollution has become an important ecological and environmental concern in agricultural soil. The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations and potential sources, besides the evaluation of ecological, environmental, and human health risks of PTEs in agricultural soils of Muğla province of Türkiye. For this purpose, 234 soil samples were taken and analysed for total cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn). The mean concentrations of Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn were 1.95, 34.64, 156.3, 368.0, 53.95, 43.64, 31,467, 917.6, and 67.96 mg kg−1. Mean concentrations of Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb, Cu, and Mn exceeded the upper continental crust, world soil average and European soil average values. Pollution indices of soils indicated serious pollution for Cd and Ni. Principal component analyses and Pearson correlation analysis indicated that Co, Cr, and Fe mainly originated from lithogenic sources, while Cd, Cu, Pb, Mn, and Zn originated from anthropogenic sources. Hazard index (HI) values of PTEs were < 1, suggesting that absent non-carcinogenic health risks to adult residents. In addition, the total carcinogenic risk (TCR) values except for Cr, suggest that carcinogenic risks for residents were not expected. Ingestion was the main pathway of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk to human health. The results showed that children were more sensitive to the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects of PTEs. Agrochemicals were identified as major sources of PTEs contamination in the study area.