<p>Fenitrothion (FNT) is a widely used organophosphorus pesticide with low toxicity to humans and animals. Due to its wide application in agriculture, the distribution and toxic effects of FNT have received increasing attention. This review comprehensively assesses environmental levels and human exposure to FNT. FNT can be absorbed into the human body through various routes, including ingestion, dermal contact, and inhalation. Humans are exposed primarily through their diet. It has been shown in previous studies that FNT has several toxic effects, such as neurotoxicity, endocrine disruption, hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, and developmental toxicity. FNT also induces oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammatory responses, which are crucial mechanisms underlying its multiple toxicities. This review will help to fill the gaps in knowledge related to the exposure, toxicity, and toxicity mechanisms of FNT and provide a scientific and theoretical basis for the environmental management of FNT.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>