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<p>Fluoride (F⁻) pollution poses a significant public health concern in the regions located in the fluoride belt of Tanzania which includes the Singida Region. Groundwater in this belt contains F⁻ that exceed the World Health Organization’s recommended limit of 1.5&#xa0;mg&#xa0;l<sup>−1</sup>. The hydrochemistry, distribution of F<sup>−</sup>, and the non-carcinogenic health risk associated with F⁻ pollution in the fluoride belt of Tanzania remain largely unexplored. This study evaluated the hydrochemistry, F⁻ distribution in groundwater, assessed its regulation by major ions, estimated non-carcinogenic health risks, and examined the water’s suitability for drinking and irrigation using 71 samples. The parameters analyzed included pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total hardness (TH), Ca<sup>2</sup>⁺, Mg<sup>2</sup>⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>, HCO<sub>3</sub>⁻, and F⁻. The results indicate that F⁻ pollution is prevalent in the Singida Region, with concentrations ranging from 0.17 to 13.00&#xa0;mg&#xa0;l<sup>−1</sup>. Of the water samples analyzed, 56.34% were within the safe limits, while 43.66% exceeded the threshold. The percentage of water samples with a Hazard Quotient (HQ) &gt; 1 for F⁻ was found to be 61.97% for infants, 60.56% for children, and 39.43% for adults, indicating a potential non-carcinogenic health risk from elevated F⁻ levels in drinking water particularly among infants and children. F<sup>−</sup> exhibited a negative correlation with TH, and positive correlations with Na⁺, pH, and HCO<sub>3</sub>⁻. The assessment of irrigation suitability using indices such as Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Kelly’s Ratio (KR), Sodium Percentage (%Na), and Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR) indicates that the groundwater is generally suitable for irrigation purposes.</p>

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Fluoride distribution and health risk assessment in groundwater of Tanzania's Singida Region: implications for drinking water quality and irrigation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月28日

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  • Andrew Toyi Banyikwa

摘要

Fluoride (F⁻) pollution poses a significant public health concern in the regions located in the fluoride belt of Tanzania which includes the Singida Region. Groundwater in this belt contains F⁻ that exceed the World Health Organization’s recommended limit of 1.5 mg l−1. The hydrochemistry, distribution of F−, and the non-carcinogenic health risk associated with F⁻ pollution in the fluoride belt of Tanzania remain largely unexplored. This study evaluated the hydrochemistry, F⁻ distribution in groundwater, assessed its regulation by major ions, estimated non-carcinogenic health risks, and examined the water’s suitability for drinking and irrigation using 71 samples. The parameters analyzed included pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total hardness (TH), Ca2⁺, Mg2⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻, SO42−, HCO3⁻, and F⁻. The results indicate that F⁻ pollution is prevalent in the Singida Region, with concentrations ranging from 0.17 to 13.00 mg l−1. Of the water samples analyzed, 56.34% were within the safe limits, while 43.66% exceeded the threshold. The percentage of water samples with a Hazard Quotient (HQ) > 1 for F⁻ was found to be 61.97% for infants, 60.56% for children, and 39.43% for adults, indicating a potential non-carcinogenic health risk from elevated F⁻ levels in drinking water particularly among infants and children. F− exhibited a negative correlation with TH, and positive correlations with Na⁺, pH, and HCO3⁻. The assessment of irrigation suitability using indices such as Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Kelly’s Ratio (KR), Sodium Percentage (%Na), and Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR) indicates that the groundwater is generally suitable for irrigation purposes.