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<p>Large sediment pulses can reshape mountain river morphology over years to decades and amplify hazards, yet the river response is rarely quantified due to a lack of long-term geometric records. This study applies the developed RivBW model to analyze the morphological evolution of the Lillooet River (Canada) from 1947 to 2022, a period that witnessed a catastrophic landslide in 2010—one of the largest globally since 1947. Results show that the river has experienced a four-phase evolution since 1947. During the early contraction phase from 1947 to 1990, the total bankfull area declined by 17.9%. This was followed by a sediment-storage phase, during which the island area increased by 138.7% from 1990 to 2006. The 2010 Mount Meager landslide and the associated outburst flood produced a disturbance-reset phase between 2006 and 2011: island area decreased from 1.17 to 0.36 km<sup>2</sup> (69.5%), water-surface area increased by 1.24&#xa0;km<sup>2</sup> (+ 14.2%), and the median downstream position of island area shifted 3.9&#xa0;km upstream. The source-adjacent 0–2&#xa0;km segment widened from 304&#xa0;m to 1449&#xa0;m, whereas a persistent island development corridor located between 14 and 30&#xa0;km lost about 84% of total island area. Subsequently, a recovery phase began, during which the island area had recovered by 135.7% relative to 2011 by 2022, yet it remained below its 2006 maximum. Further comparison with the 2003 flood event reveals that the long-term effects of the large landslide far surpass those of a single flood event, underscoring the lasting dominance of landslide sediment pulses over mountain river evolution.</p>

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Mountain river response to a large input of sediment: a long-term geometric record of the Lillooet River (1947–2022)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月7日

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  • Wenqi Li,
  • Liuying An,
  • Quanxi Xu,
  • Kejun Yang,
  • Zhongwu Jin,
  • Qihang Zhou,
  • Hongsheng Fu

摘要

Large sediment pulses can reshape mountain river morphology over years to decades and amplify hazards, yet the river response is rarely quantified due to a lack of long-term geometric records. This study applies the developed RivBW model to analyze the morphological evolution of the Lillooet River (Canada) from 1947 to 2022, a period that witnessed a catastrophic landslide in 2010—one of the largest globally since 1947. Results show that the river has experienced a four-phase evolution since 1947. During the early contraction phase from 1947 to 1990, the total bankfull area declined by 17.9%. This was followed by a sediment-storage phase, during which the island area increased by 138.7% from 1990 to 2006. The 2010 Mount Meager landslide and the associated outburst flood produced a disturbance-reset phase between 2006 and 2011: island area decreased from 1.17 to 0.36 km2 (69.5%), water-surface area increased by 1.24 km2 (+ 14.2%), and the median downstream position of island area shifted 3.9 km upstream. The source-adjacent 0–2 km segment widened from 304 m to 1449 m, whereas a persistent island development corridor located between 14 and 30 km lost about 84% of total island area. Subsequently, a recovery phase began, during which the island area had recovered by 135.7% relative to 2011 by 2022, yet it remained below its 2006 maximum. Further comparison with the 2003 flood event reveals that the long-term effects of the large landslide far surpass those of a single flood event, underscoring the lasting dominance of landslide sediment pulses over mountain river evolution.