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<p>This study aims to investigate how spur structures and combined rigid-flexible vegetation modify near-bank flow dynamics in a sandbar-affected channel. Laboratory experiments were conducted under controlled conditions using three scenarios: an unprotected bank, a bank protected by a series of three impermeable spur structures designed following standard engineering guidelines, and a bank stabilized using a combined emergent rigid–flexible vegetation arrangement representing early-stage vegetation-based protection. Rigid vegetation was used to provide immediate structural resistance, while flexible vegetation represented long-term drag and root reinforcement. Three-dimensional velocity measurements were used to evaluate changes in streamwise velocity, secondary circulation, and turbulence characteristics. The results show that sandbars intensify near-bank flow velocity and turbulence under unprotected conditions. Both protection measures reduce near-bank velocity; however, vegetation produces more spatial reduction. Vegetation also provides sustained suppression of secondary currents, whereas spur structures modify the flow primarily in their immediate vicinity. Turbulence analyses indicate that spur structures locally enhance turbulence, while vegetation consistently reduces turbulent kinetic energy and momentum flux exchange. A shift from sweep-dominated to ejection-dominated turbulence under vegetated conditions may suggest reduced erosion potential and enhanced flow stability. The outcomes of this study advance vegetation-based stabilization understanding in morphologically complex rivers.</p>

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Comparing hard engineering and nature-based solution for bank protection: physical modelling of spurs and combined rigid-flexible vegetation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月25日

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  • Om Prakash Maurya,
  • Aalbin Simon,
  • Suresh Modalavalasa,
  • Subashisa Dutta

摘要

This study aims to investigate how spur structures and combined rigid-flexible vegetation modify near-bank flow dynamics in a sandbar-affected channel. Laboratory experiments were conducted under controlled conditions using three scenarios: an unprotected bank, a bank protected by a series of three impermeable spur structures designed following standard engineering guidelines, and a bank stabilized using a combined emergent rigid–flexible vegetation arrangement representing early-stage vegetation-based protection. Rigid vegetation was used to provide immediate structural resistance, while flexible vegetation represented long-term drag and root reinforcement. Three-dimensional velocity measurements were used to evaluate changes in streamwise velocity, secondary circulation, and turbulence characteristics. The results show that sandbars intensify near-bank flow velocity and turbulence under unprotected conditions. Both protection measures reduce near-bank velocity; however, vegetation produces more spatial reduction. Vegetation also provides sustained suppression of secondary currents, whereas spur structures modify the flow primarily in their immediate vicinity. Turbulence analyses indicate that spur structures locally enhance turbulence, while vegetation consistently reduces turbulent kinetic energy and momentum flux exchange. A shift from sweep-dominated to ejection-dominated turbulence under vegetated conditions may suggest reduced erosion potential and enhanced flow stability. The outcomes of this study advance vegetation-based stabilization understanding in morphologically complex rivers.