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<p>This study contributes to the limited literature on the distributional effects of energy access by providing semi-parametric, time-varying estimates of the relationship between electricity consumption per capita, a proxy for energy access, and income inequality across a panel of 94 countries (36 developed and 58 developing) over the period 1990–2022. Employing a recently developed time-varying estimator with an interactive fixed-effects structure, we capture dynamic cross-country dependencies over time. The results show that higher electricity consumption per capita is consistently associated with lower income inequality, with stronger effects observed at the top of the income distribution. The inequality-reducing impact is more pronounced in developing economies and gradually diminishes as electrification becomes more widespread.</p>

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Time-varying impacts of energy access on income inequality: a semi-parametric analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月27日

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  • Kris Ivanovski,
  • Sefa Awaworyi Churchill,
  • Xibin Zhang

摘要

This study contributes to the limited literature on the distributional effects of energy access by providing semi-parametric, time-varying estimates of the relationship between electricity consumption per capita, a proxy for energy access, and income inequality across a panel of 94 countries (36 developed and 58 developing) over the period 1990–2022. Employing a recently developed time-varying estimator with an interactive fixed-effects structure, we capture dynamic cross-country dependencies over time. The results show that higher electricity consumption per capita is consistently associated with lower income inequality, with stronger effects observed at the top of the income distribution. The inequality-reducing impact is more pronounced in developing economies and gradually diminishes as electrification becomes more widespread.