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<p>The herbicide 2,4-D is extensively employed and detected in surface waters, representing a risk for amphibians. Species of the genus <i>Physalaemus</i>, such as <i>P. gracilis</i>, show sensitivity to the compound even at low concentrations. This study compared the toxicity of the active ingredient (D<sub>AI</sub>) and two of its commercial formulations of 2,4-D (DBH<sub>1</sub> and DBH<sub>2</sub>) on survival, heart rate, swimming activity, and biochemical parameters (TBARS levels and CAT activity) of <i>P. gracilis</i> during its initial development stages. The tested concentrations (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25&#xa0;µg/L) were selected based on the limits established for 2,4-D in Brazilian freshwater regulations. D<sub>AI</sub> decreased survival and altered swimming activity at all tested concentrations, increased TBARS levels at 5 and 10&#xa0;µg/L, and reduced CAT activity at 20 and 25&#xa0;µg/L. Both commercial formulations also affected survival and swimming activity at all concentrations; DBH<sub>1</sub> reduced heart rate at 15 and 25&#xa0;µg/L, while DBH<sub>2</sub> increased it at all tested concentrations. Additionally, DBH<sub>1</sub> increased TBARS levels at 15&#xa0;µg/L in exposed embryos and tadpoles, whereas DBH<sub>2</sub> decreased TBARS levels at 5&#xa0;µg/L and reduced CAT activity at all tested concentrations. Overall, exposure to 2,4-D and its commercial formulations induced physiological and behavioral alterations in <i>Physalaemus gracilis</i> tadpoles, although the magnitude and direction of the effects varied among compounds.</p>

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Effects of the herbicide 2,4 D active ingredient and commercial formulations on the early life stages of the amphibian Physalaemus gracilis

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月17日

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  • Cristina Bridi,
  • Guilherme Felicioni,
  • Jenifer Eduarda Luterek,
  • Inete Cleide Baú,
  • Flavia Bernardo Chagas,
  • Aline Pompermaier,
  • Carla Alves,
  • Paulo Afonso Hartmann,
  • Marilia Hartmann

摘要

The herbicide 2,4-D is extensively employed and detected in surface waters, representing a risk for amphibians. Species of the genus Physalaemus, such as P. gracilis, show sensitivity to the compound even at low concentrations. This study compared the toxicity of the active ingredient (DAI) and two of its commercial formulations of 2,4-D (DBH1 and DBH2) on survival, heart rate, swimming activity, and biochemical parameters (TBARS levels and CAT activity) of P. gracilis during its initial development stages. The tested concentrations (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 µg/L) were selected based on the limits established for 2,4-D in Brazilian freshwater regulations. DAI decreased survival and altered swimming activity at all tested concentrations, increased TBARS levels at 5 and 10 µg/L, and reduced CAT activity at 20 and 25 µg/L. Both commercial formulations also affected survival and swimming activity at all concentrations; DBH1 reduced heart rate at 15 and 25 µg/L, while DBH2 increased it at all tested concentrations. Additionally, DBH1 increased TBARS levels at 15 µg/L in exposed embryos and tadpoles, whereas DBH2 decreased TBARS levels at 5 µg/L and reduced CAT activity at all tested concentrations. Overall, exposure to 2,4-D and its commercial formulations induced physiological and behavioral alterations in Physalaemus gracilis tadpoles, although the magnitude and direction of the effects varied among compounds.