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<p>Thallium (Tl) is a highly toxic heavy metal that accumulates in soils, posing significant risks to soil organisms, but its tissue-specific effects in earthworms remain poorly characterized. We examined the differential responses of the intestine and body wall of <i>Eisenia fetida</i> exposed to 0–60&#xa0;mg kg⁻¹ Tl-contaminated soils for 28 days. A suite of biomarkers covering oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, ion transport, and digestion was analyzed, and the integrated biomarker response index (IBRv2) was used to assess overall toxicity. Results showed that the intestine responded more rapidly and sensitively than the body wall, with early activation of antioxidant defenses, dynamic GSH modulation, and marked disruption of neuro- and ion-regulatory functions. Digestive enzymes responded divergently, with cellulase activity enhanced but pepsin activity suppressed. IBRv2 analysis confirmed dose- and tissue-dependent effects, consistently identifying the intestine as the primary target of Tl toxicity. Correlation analysis further revealed tissue-specific regulation of antioxidant, neural, and ion transport functions under stress. These findings elucidate tissue-specific mechanisms of Tl toxicity in earthworms and suggest that intestine-targeted biomarkers are sensitive indicators for soil ecological risk assessment.</p>

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Tissue-specific thallium toxicity in the intestine and body wall of earthworms evaluated using a multi-biomarker approach

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月24日

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  • Shuai Li,
  • Mingying Qin,
  • Li Jiang,
  • Xiaoyu Niu,
  • Zhifeng Wang,
  • Weina Xue,
  • Yaoyu Zhou,
  • Sadiq Fatihu Kabir,
  • Huihui Du

摘要

Thallium (Tl) is a highly toxic heavy metal that accumulates in soils, posing significant risks to soil organisms, but its tissue-specific effects in earthworms remain poorly characterized. We examined the differential responses of the intestine and body wall of Eisenia fetida exposed to 0–60 mg kg⁻¹ Tl-contaminated soils for 28 days. A suite of biomarkers covering oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, ion transport, and digestion was analyzed, and the integrated biomarker response index (IBRv2) was used to assess overall toxicity. Results showed that the intestine responded more rapidly and sensitively than the body wall, with early activation of antioxidant defenses, dynamic GSH modulation, and marked disruption of neuro- and ion-regulatory functions. Digestive enzymes responded divergently, with cellulase activity enhanced but pepsin activity suppressed. IBRv2 analysis confirmed dose- and tissue-dependent effects, consistently identifying the intestine as the primary target of Tl toxicity. Correlation analysis further revealed tissue-specific regulation of antioxidant, neural, and ion transport functions under stress. These findings elucidate tissue-specific mechanisms of Tl toxicity in earthworms and suggest that intestine-targeted biomarkers are sensitive indicators for soil ecological risk assessment.