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<p>Lead (Pb) contamination poses a serious threat to aquatic ecosystems and human health due to its persistence, bioaccumulation, and trophic transfer. This study assessed Pb concentrations in water, sediment, plankton, and selected aquatic organisms from the Ennore estuary over a one-year period, with emphasis on ecological and human health risks. Mean Pb concentration in water was 9.87 ± 0.34&#xa0;µg/L, while sediment mean Pb concentrations was 31.12 ± 1.47&#xa0;µg/g, indicating spatial and seasonal variability influenced by industrial and urban inputs. Among biota, Pb accumulated preferentially in metabolically active organs (liver, gills, intestine), with the highest concentration recorded in the invasive bivalve <i>Mytella strigata</i> muscle (7.58&#xa0;µg/g dw). Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer were evaluated using bioaccumulation factor (BAF), biota–sediment accumulation factor (BSAF), and biomagnification factor (BMF). BSAF values (&lt; 1) indicated limited sediment-to-biota transfer, whereas BMF values &gt; 1 in zooplankton and higher trophic species confirmed biomagnification potential. Geochemical assessment using contamination factor (CF = 1.21–2.19) revealed moderate sediment contamination, particularly near industrialized zones. Human health risk assessment showed that Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) values were below the oral reference dose, with THQ &lt; 1 and ILCR values within 10⁻⁶-10⁻⁴, indicating low to moderate risk for adult consumers, although <i>M. strigata</i> posed relatively higher concern. Overall, the study highlights significant ecological pressure in this urban–industrial estuary and emphasizes the need for continuous monitoring, stricter effluent control, and precautionary management of seafood resources.</p>

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Lead Contamination in the Ennore Estuary, India: Bioaccumulation, Biomagnification, Ecological and Human Health Risk Assessment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月19日

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  • Neevika G,
  • Aruna S,
  • Rani V,
  • Pavinkumar P

摘要

Lead (Pb) contamination poses a serious threat to aquatic ecosystems and human health due to its persistence, bioaccumulation, and trophic transfer. This study assessed Pb concentrations in water, sediment, plankton, and selected aquatic organisms from the Ennore estuary over a one-year period, with emphasis on ecological and human health risks. Mean Pb concentration in water was 9.87 ± 0.34 µg/L, while sediment mean Pb concentrations was 31.12 ± 1.47 µg/g, indicating spatial and seasonal variability influenced by industrial and urban inputs. Among biota, Pb accumulated preferentially in metabolically active organs (liver, gills, intestine), with the highest concentration recorded in the invasive bivalve Mytella strigata muscle (7.58 µg/g dw). Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer were evaluated using bioaccumulation factor (BAF), biota–sediment accumulation factor (BSAF), and biomagnification factor (BMF). BSAF values (< 1) indicated limited sediment-to-biota transfer, whereas BMF values > 1 in zooplankton and higher trophic species confirmed biomagnification potential. Geochemical assessment using contamination factor (CF = 1.21–2.19) revealed moderate sediment contamination, particularly near industrialized zones. Human health risk assessment showed that Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) values were below the oral reference dose, with THQ < 1 and ILCR values within 10⁻⁶-10⁻⁴, indicating low to moderate risk for adult consumers, although M. strigata posed relatively higher concern. Overall, the study highlights significant ecological pressure in this urban–industrial estuary and emphasizes the need for continuous monitoring, stricter effluent control, and precautionary management of seafood resources.