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<p>Most of eco-toxicity studies of <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> (<i>Bt</i>) proteins on terrestrial organism were conducted with <i>Bt</i>-crops straw or leaves on earthworm <i>Eisenia fetida</i>. Nevertheless, extra nutrition from straw or leaves degradation affected the assessment results. Meanwhile, there is limited understanding of the toxicological effects of Bt-Cry proteins on <i>E. fetida</i> at the molecular level. Thus, in this study, adult and juvenile earthworms were treated with ten times the highest expected environmental concentration (EEC) of purified Cry1Ac and Cry1F, then analyzed using systematic toxicity tests, including transcriptome analysis. Earthworms in all test groups survived treatment, and the relative growth rate (RGR) of juvenile earthworms showed non-significant changes after Cry toxin protein treatment. Cocoons and offspring in all groups were first observed on the 15th and 45th day of the adult earthworm reproduction tests, respectively. Although a higher number was counted in the control than in the Cry toxin treatments, the differences were not significant. For the biochemical response analysis, glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity increased significantly in Cry toxin-treated groups, whereas no significant changes were observed for superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and total protein content analysis. Transcriptome analysis identified a limited number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), suggesting a minimal impact for the tested Cry toxins on earthworms. In the enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), it was shown that Cry1Ac and Cry1F treatments shared overlapping categories in the Gene Ontology (GO) database and pathways in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). In conclusion, our study showed that even at exceptionally high concentrations, purified Cry1Ac and Cry1F proteins exert minimal side effects on <i>E. fetida</i> earthworms.</p>

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Assessing the effects of high concentration of pure Cry proteins exposure on the Eisenia fetida by allying transcriptome analysis with toxicological evaluation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月18日

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  • Meng He,
  • Ziyan Huang,
  • Ofentse Jacob Pooe,
  • Wei Chen,
  • Cheng Shen,
  • Xiao Zhang,
  • Chongxin Xu,
  • Yajing Xie,
  • Xianjin Liu,
  • Yuan Liu,
  • Qing Zhu

摘要

Most of eco-toxicity studies of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) proteins on terrestrial organism were conducted with Bt-crops straw or leaves on earthworm Eisenia fetida. Nevertheless, extra nutrition from straw or leaves degradation affected the assessment results. Meanwhile, there is limited understanding of the toxicological effects of Bt-Cry proteins on E. fetida at the molecular level. Thus, in this study, adult and juvenile earthworms were treated with ten times the highest expected environmental concentration (EEC) of purified Cry1Ac and Cry1F, then analyzed using systematic toxicity tests, including transcriptome analysis. Earthworms in all test groups survived treatment, and the relative growth rate (RGR) of juvenile earthworms showed non-significant changes after Cry toxin protein treatment. Cocoons and offspring in all groups were first observed on the 15th and 45th day of the adult earthworm reproduction tests, respectively. Although a higher number was counted in the control than in the Cry toxin treatments, the differences were not significant. For the biochemical response analysis, glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity increased significantly in Cry toxin-treated groups, whereas no significant changes were observed for superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and total protein content analysis. Transcriptome analysis identified a limited number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), suggesting a minimal impact for the tested Cry toxins on earthworms. In the enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), it was shown that Cry1Ac and Cry1F treatments shared overlapping categories in the Gene Ontology (GO) database and pathways in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). In conclusion, our study showed that even at exceptionally high concentrations, purified Cry1Ac and Cry1F proteins exert minimal side effects on E. fetida earthworms.