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<p>Spirotetramat, an acetyl‑CoA carboxylase inhibitor widely applied against sucking insects, has been detected in aquatic environments, yet its sublethal effects on fish remain poorly characterized. This study assessed the toxicity of spirotetramat in juvenile rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) by measuring biomarker responses in liver, brain, muscle, gill, and kidney following 24–96&#xa0;h exposures to 0.0254, 0.0508, and 0.254&#xa0;mg AI/L. Exposure disrupted blood biochemistry, with reduced protein, cholesterol, and HDL levels and elevated AST activity. Muscle acetylcholinesterase activity declined significantly, while gill and kidney Na⁺,K⁺‑ATPase activity decreased, indicating impaired ion regulation. Oxidative stress was evidenced by increased TBARS, protein carbonyls, lipid peroxidation, and 8‑OHdG levels, accompanied by altered antioxidant enzyme activities. Caspase assays revealed a biphasic apoptotic response, suggesting interactions between oxidative stress and protective mechanisms. A concentration‑related increase in Integrated Biomarker Response (IBR) indexes was observed, with the maximum score for protein carbonyls and the minimum for TBARS. Overall, spirotetramat induced oxidative stress, apoptosis, neurotoxicity, and disruption of ion regulation and membrane transport efficiency, along with alterations in blood biochemistry, in juvenile rainbow trout. These findings demonstrate that environmentally relevant concentrations of spirotetramat pose significant risks to fish health and highlight potential ecological consequences for aquatic ecosystems through adverse impacts on growth, reproduction, and survival.</p>

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Toxicity of the first ambimobile insecticide spirotetramat on juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): A multibiomarker approach

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月9日

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  • Esra Colak,
  • Demet Dogan

摘要

Spirotetramat, an acetyl‑CoA carboxylase inhibitor widely applied against sucking insects, has been detected in aquatic environments, yet its sublethal effects on fish remain poorly characterized. This study assessed the toxicity of spirotetramat in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by measuring biomarker responses in liver, brain, muscle, gill, and kidney following 24–96 h exposures to 0.0254, 0.0508, and 0.254 mg AI/L. Exposure disrupted blood biochemistry, with reduced protein, cholesterol, and HDL levels and elevated AST activity. Muscle acetylcholinesterase activity declined significantly, while gill and kidney Na⁺,K⁺‑ATPase activity decreased, indicating impaired ion regulation. Oxidative stress was evidenced by increased TBARS, protein carbonyls, lipid peroxidation, and 8‑OHdG levels, accompanied by altered antioxidant enzyme activities. Caspase assays revealed a biphasic apoptotic response, suggesting interactions between oxidative stress and protective mechanisms. A concentration‑related increase in Integrated Biomarker Response (IBR) indexes was observed, with the maximum score for protein carbonyls and the minimum for TBARS. Overall, spirotetramat induced oxidative stress, apoptosis, neurotoxicity, and disruption of ion regulation and membrane transport efficiency, along with alterations in blood biochemistry, in juvenile rainbow trout. These findings demonstrate that environmentally relevant concentrations of spirotetramat pose significant risks to fish health and highlight potential ecological consequences for aquatic ecosystems through adverse impacts on growth, reproduction, and survival.