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<p>Organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides are commonly used in agricultural and vector control practices, but their persistent presence in aquatic environments and possible toxicological effects on non-target organisms have raised serious ecological concerns. This study examined the sublethal effects of dichlorvos, an organophosphate, and cypermethrin, a pyrethroid, on young African mud catfish (<i>Clarias gariepinus</i>), with an emphasis on behavioral changes, DNA damage, and ovarian histopathology. Fish were exposed for 14 and 28 days to cypermethrin at 0.0095, 0.095, and 0.95&#xa0;µg·L⁻¹ and to dichlorvos at 0.523, 5.23, and 52.3&#xa0;µg·L⁻¹; dechlorinated water was used as a control. Behavioral alterations (erratic swimming, convulsions, loss of equilibrium) were recorded in &gt; 80% of exposed fish, and their frequency increased with exposure duration. The development of micronuclei and other nuclear anomalies in fish erythrocytes demonstrated genotoxic effects, with the extent of DNA damage rising in direct proportion to the time of exposure. Ovarian histology showed progressive degenerative changes (coagulative necrosis, yolk liquefaction, and erosion of oocyte margins). Using a semi-quantitative histopathological index, the incidence of degenerative lesions increased from ~ 10% at day 14 to ~ 45% at day 28 (index = 2.4 ± 0.3). Notably, the group treated with cypermethrin showed more severe histopathological, genotoxic, and behavioral effects than the group treated with dichlorvos. These results demonstrate the increased toxicity of cypermethrin and the necessity of proactive environmental management and remediation techniques to reduce the buildup of these pesticides in aquatic environments, safeguarding fish health and biodiversity in the process.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Time-dependent reproductive and genotoxic effects of cypermethrin and dichlorvos insecticides in female Clarias gariepinus

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月9日

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  • Toyyibah Funmilayo Ismail,
  • Imtiyaz Qayoom,
  • Abass Toba Anifowoshe,
  • Idowu Ayisat Aneyo,
  • Mentor Sopjani,
  • Nnamdi Henry Amaeze,
  • Caterina Faggio

摘要

Organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides are commonly used in agricultural and vector control practices, but their persistent presence in aquatic environments and possible toxicological effects on non-target organisms have raised serious ecological concerns. This study examined the sublethal effects of dichlorvos, an organophosphate, and cypermethrin, a pyrethroid, on young African mud catfish (Clarias gariepinus), with an emphasis on behavioral changes, DNA damage, and ovarian histopathology. Fish were exposed for 14 and 28 days to cypermethrin at 0.0095, 0.095, and 0.95 µg·L⁻¹ and to dichlorvos at 0.523, 5.23, and 52.3 µg·L⁻¹; dechlorinated water was used as a control. Behavioral alterations (erratic swimming, convulsions, loss of equilibrium) were recorded in > 80% of exposed fish, and their frequency increased with exposure duration. The development of micronuclei and other nuclear anomalies in fish erythrocytes demonstrated genotoxic effects, with the extent of DNA damage rising in direct proportion to the time of exposure. Ovarian histology showed progressive degenerative changes (coagulative necrosis, yolk liquefaction, and erosion of oocyte margins). Using a semi-quantitative histopathological index, the incidence of degenerative lesions increased from ~ 10% at day 14 to ~ 45% at day 28 (index = 2.4 ± 0.3). Notably, the group treated with cypermethrin showed more severe histopathological, genotoxic, and behavioral effects than the group treated with dichlorvos. These results demonstrate the increased toxicity of cypermethrin and the necessity of proactive environmental management and remediation techniques to reduce the buildup of these pesticides in aquatic environments, safeguarding fish health and biodiversity in the process.

Graphical abstract