Effects of sunscreens on survival, reproduction, energy metabolism, and antioxidant system of brackish water flea Diaphanosoma celebensis
摘要
The increasing use of sunscreen to protect human skin from UV-A and UV-B is a great concern in the marine ecosystem. However, the toxicity of sunscreen products on marine biota is currently unclear. Thus, we investigated the toxic effects of four commercial sunscreens (A−D) selected according to the formulation on the survival, reproduction, energy metabolism, and antioxidant system of the brackish water flea Diaphanosoma celebensis. The 48 h median lethal concentrations (48-h LC50) of sunscreen extracts were determined as 57.22%, and 43.59% in product C and product D, respectively. At the environmentally relevant concentrations, product D disrupted reproduction and reduced body length. Although no significant differences in energy reserves were observed, AMPK genes were highly modulated in the solid products C and D. SOD activity was significantly increased in all experimental groups, and the expression of CAT was up-regulated in groups exposed to products C and D. Our results imply that commercial sunscreens have a formulation-dependent effect on reproductive toxicity by disrupting redox and energy homeostasis.