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<p>Type localities are critical reference points for taxonomy and conservation, yet many have not been revisited since the original species descriptions. This limited attention contributes to both the Linnean shortfall, uncertainties in species identity and status, particularly for poorly known taxa, and Wallacean shortfall, limited knowledge of species distributions. We surveyed 40 sites with different habitat and landscape in Terengganu, Malaysia, including 12 type localities of native freshwater fishes between April 2023 and April 2025 to document species presence, their habitat conditions, and to identify current threats for each species. The focal taxa comprised three threatened species (<i>Clarias sulcatus</i>, <i>Parosphromenus paludicola</i>, and <i>Nanobagrus lemniscatus</i>), two Data Deficient species (<i>Betta stigmosa</i> and <i>Pangio alcoides</i>), and seven Least Concern species. Standardized sampling methods, including hand-seining, scoop nets, and traps, were employed, with type locality information obtained from the original species descriptions. Of the 12 focal species, 10 were recorded at least once, while <i>P. alcoides</i> and <i>N. lemniscatus</i> were not detected despite multiple surveys. Land-use change was the most pervasive threat, affecting 11 species, including all threatened and Data Deficient taxa. Additional pressures included mining, logging, pollution, and climate-related events such as drought and flooding. Several type localities have undergone habitat alteration, compared to historical descriptions. These findings highlight the urgent need to protect and restore type localities, strengthen legal and policy measures beyond protected areas, and integrate freshwater biodiversity into land-use planning.</p>

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Revisiting type localities to inform conservation of threatened and data deficient freshwater fishes

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月23日

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  • Mohamad Aqmal-Naser,
  • Heok Hui Tan,
  • Amirrudin Ahmad

摘要

Type localities are critical reference points for taxonomy and conservation, yet many have not been revisited since the original species descriptions. This limited attention contributes to both the Linnean shortfall, uncertainties in species identity and status, particularly for poorly known taxa, and Wallacean shortfall, limited knowledge of species distributions. We surveyed 40 sites with different habitat and landscape in Terengganu, Malaysia, including 12 type localities of native freshwater fishes between April 2023 and April 2025 to document species presence, their habitat conditions, and to identify current threats for each species. The focal taxa comprised three threatened species (Clarias sulcatus, Parosphromenus paludicola, and Nanobagrus lemniscatus), two Data Deficient species (Betta stigmosa and Pangio alcoides), and seven Least Concern species. Standardized sampling methods, including hand-seining, scoop nets, and traps, were employed, with type locality information obtained from the original species descriptions. Of the 12 focal species, 10 were recorded at least once, while P. alcoides and N. lemniscatus were not detected despite multiple surveys. Land-use change was the most pervasive threat, affecting 11 species, including all threatened and Data Deficient taxa. Additional pressures included mining, logging, pollution, and climate-related events such as drought and flooding. Several type localities have undergone habitat alteration, compared to historical descriptions. These findings highlight the urgent need to protect and restore type localities, strengthen legal and policy measures beyond protected areas, and integrate freshwater biodiversity into land-use planning.