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<p>Fish are ectothermic (cold‑blooded) aquatic vertebrates that offer low-fat, high-protein nutrition and are rich sources of omega‑3 fatty acids, vitamins, and essential minerals such as iron, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, copper, zinc, iodine, and magnesium. The microbiota comprising bacteria, fungi, yeasts, viruses, and archaea in fish intestines plays a pivotal role in host physiology and disease prevention. These microbial communities are influenced by both internal factors (diet, nutritional status, anatomy) and external environmental influences. The gut microbiota supports digestion, nutrient synthesis, immune modulation, energy regulation, and contributes to the gut–brain axis, emphasizing its integral symbiosis with the host. Despite significant advances in high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing, our understanding of fish microbiomes lags that of other vertebrates. Overall, this review underscores critical roles the gut microbiota plays in maintaining fish health and adaptation, highlighting the need for deeper research into its diversity, function, and applications for aquaculture and conservation.</p>

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Fish microbiota and its role in fish physiology and diseases regulation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月4日

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  • Shabista Muzzaffar,
  • Rakeeb Ahmad Mir,
  • Muzafar Ahmad Mir,
  • Irfan Ahmad Noorani,
  • Ibraq Khurshid

摘要

Fish are ectothermic (cold‑blooded) aquatic vertebrates that offer low-fat, high-protein nutrition and are rich sources of omega‑3 fatty acids, vitamins, and essential minerals such as iron, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, copper, zinc, iodine, and magnesium. The microbiota comprising bacteria, fungi, yeasts, viruses, and archaea in fish intestines plays a pivotal role in host physiology and disease prevention. These microbial communities are influenced by both internal factors (diet, nutritional status, anatomy) and external environmental influences. The gut microbiota supports digestion, nutrient synthesis, immune modulation, energy regulation, and contributes to the gut–brain axis, emphasizing its integral symbiosis with the host. Despite significant advances in high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing, our understanding of fish microbiomes lags that of other vertebrates. Overall, this review underscores critical roles the gut microbiota plays in maintaining fish health and adaptation, highlighting the need for deeper research into its diversity, function, and applications for aquaculture and conservation.