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<p>The spotted archerfish <i>Toxotes chatareus</i>, a euryhaline perciform species, is of considerable scientific interest due to its unique feeding behavior, involving water spitting. As little was previously known about the species’ life cycle, including reproductive behavior and early life history, the present study, which included breeding observations of adult <i>T. chatareus</i> and rearing experiments on eggs and hatchlings, revealed the onset of spawning behavior, morphological and behavioral development of larvae and juveniles, and spawning and nursery area conditions. Prior to spawning, a school of males typically chased a single female, resulting in a single spawning event of at least 2,909 planktonic eggs (0.75 ± 0.01&#xa0;mm). The eggs hatched 12–24&#xa0;h after spawning, the hatched larvae, [2.84 ± 0.06&#xa0;mm TL (total length)] being initially fed <i>Brachionus</i> spp. The hatchlings were successfully raised in brackish water (16 ppt), suggesting that <i>T. chatareus</i> spawns and undergoes its larval period in estuarine environments. Notochord flexion was completed by 24 days after hatching(DAH)&#xa0;larvae, and the juvenile stage (7.61 ± 0.05&#xa0;mm TL) was reached by 28 DAH. Water spitting behavior was first observed in a 115 DAH juvenile. By 360 DAH, individuals (60.51 ± 1.76&#xa0;mm TL) exhibited adult morphological characteristics. The present study provided valuable insights into the habitat utilization of <i>T. chatareus</i> and contributes to the conservation of the species.</p>

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Where do archerfishes spawn and grow? Reproductive biology and early life history of Toxotes chatareus (Hamilton, 1822) in captivity

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月10日

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  • Kazuyuki Momota,
  • Hiroyuki Doi,
  • Izumi Kinoshita,
  • Harumi Sakai,
  • Hiroshi Obata

摘要

The spotted archerfish Toxotes chatareus, a euryhaline perciform species, is of considerable scientific interest due to its unique feeding behavior, involving water spitting. As little was previously known about the species’ life cycle, including reproductive behavior and early life history, the present study, which included breeding observations of adult T. chatareus and rearing experiments on eggs and hatchlings, revealed the onset of spawning behavior, morphological and behavioral development of larvae and juveniles, and spawning and nursery area conditions. Prior to spawning, a school of males typically chased a single female, resulting in a single spawning event of at least 2,909 planktonic eggs (0.75 ± 0.01 mm). The eggs hatched 12–24 h after spawning, the hatched larvae, [2.84 ± 0.06 mm TL (total length)] being initially fed Brachionus spp. The hatchlings were successfully raised in brackish water (16 ppt), suggesting that T. chatareus spawns and undergoes its larval period in estuarine environments. Notochord flexion was completed by 24 days after hatching(DAH) larvae, and the juvenile stage (7.61 ± 0.05 mm TL) was reached by 28 DAH. Water spitting behavior was first observed in a 115 DAH juvenile. By 360 DAH, individuals (60.51 ± 1.76 mm TL) exhibited adult morphological characteristics. The present study provided valuable insights into the habitat utilization of T. chatareus and contributes to the conservation of the species.