<p>We prove a general result on completing objects similar to Latin rectangles in which the number of occurrences of each symbol is prescribed, each cell contains multiple symbols, and no cell contains repeated symbols. This generalizes several results in the literature, and leads to confirming a conjecture of Cavenagh, Hämäläinen, Lefevre, and Stones. An <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(r\times s\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>r</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mi>s</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\lambda \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>λ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-<i>Latin rectangle</i> <i>L</i> is an <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(r\times s\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>r</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mi>s</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> array in which each cell contains a multiset of <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\lambda \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>λ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> elements from the set <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\{1,\dots ,n\}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">{</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mo>⋯</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">}</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of symbols such that each symbol occurs at most <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\lambda \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>λ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> times in each row and column. If <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(r=s=n\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>r</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>s</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, then <i>L</i> is a <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\lambda \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>λ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-<i>Latin square</i>. A <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\lambda \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>λ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-Latin rectangle is <i>simple</i> if no symbol is repeated in any cell. Cavenagh et al. asked for conditions that ensure a simple <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\lambda \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>λ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-Latin rectangle can be extended to a simple <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\lambda \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>λ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-Latin square. We solve this problem in a more general setting by allowing the number of occurrences of each symbol to be prescribed. Cavenagh et al. conjectured that for each <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(r, \lambda \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>r</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>λ</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> there exists some <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(n(r, \lambda )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>r</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> such that for any <InlineEquation ID="IEq14"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(n \geqslant n(r, \lambda )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>⩾</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>r</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, every simple partial <InlineEquation ID="IEq15"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\lambda \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>λ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-Latin square of order <i>r</i> (each cell contains at most <InlineEquation ID="IEq16"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\lambda \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>λ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> symbols) embeds in a simple <InlineEquation ID="IEq17"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\lambda \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>λ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-Latin square of order <i>n</i>. We confirm this conjecture.</p>

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Ryser’s theorem for simple multi-Latin rectangles

  • Amin Bahmanian

摘要

We prove a general result on completing objects similar to Latin rectangles in which the number of occurrences of each symbol is prescribed, each cell contains multiple symbols, and no cell contains repeated symbols. This generalizes several results in the literature, and leads to confirming a conjecture of Cavenagh, Hämäläinen, Lefevre, and Stones. An \(r\times s\) r × s \(\lambda \) λ -Latin rectangle L is an \(r\times s\) r × s array in which each cell contains a multiset of \(\lambda \) λ elements from the set \(\{1,\dots ,n\}\) { 1 , , n } of symbols such that each symbol occurs at most \(\lambda \) λ times in each row and column. If \(r=s=n\) r = s = n , then L is a \(\lambda \) λ -Latin square. A \(\lambda \) λ -Latin rectangle is simple if no symbol is repeated in any cell. Cavenagh et al. asked for conditions that ensure a simple \(\lambda \) λ -Latin rectangle can be extended to a simple \(\lambda \) λ -Latin square. We solve this problem in a more general setting by allowing the number of occurrences of each symbol to be prescribed. Cavenagh et al. conjectured that for each \(r, \lambda \) r , λ there exists some \(n(r, \lambda )\) n ( r , λ ) such that for any \(n \geqslant n(r, \lambda )\) n n ( r , λ ) , every simple partial \(\lambda \) λ -Latin square of order r (each cell contains at most \(\lambda \) λ symbols) embeds in a simple \(\lambda \) λ -Latin square of order n. We confirm this conjecture.