<p>This study examined the relationship between paternal involvement and maternal depression among American Indian fragile families, a demographic often overlooked in research. Using data from Wave 3 of the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, we analyzed 186 American Indian mothers to examine the association between decreased paternal involvement in co-parenting activities and perceived depressive symptoms as well as control factors such as income, age, and employment. Contrary to the hypothesis that higher paternal involvement would decrease maternal depression, results showed no significant relationship between these variables. Instead lower income was found to play a more critical role in influencing increased levels of maternal depression. These findings highlight the need to consider extended family support systems, historical factors, and unique cultural elements when looking at income levels and addressing mental health disparities in American Indian populations. Clinical implications point to specific resources that social workers could help American Indians access in order to promote stronger mental health and poverty alleviation. Future research should explore these and other factors influencing maternal depression and develop evidence based treatments and interventions to support these families.</p>