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Purpose <p>Emotion regulation (ER) variability has received increased attention given its potential affective benefits, but the substantial differences in its conceptualization and operation across studies are a threat to theoretical precision. This study directly compared six indices of between-strategy ER variability—standard deviation (SD), standard deviation controlling for mean (SDM), relative standard deviation (RSD), coefficient of variation (CV), and Bray–Curtis dissimilarity (BC-D; replacement and nestedness components)—in relation to negative affect (NA).</p> Methods <p>Using four culturally diverse Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) datasets from Germany, Belgium, and China, we examined how each index related to NA both concurrently and prospectively.</p> Results <p>Mean-adjusted amplitude variability indices (SDM, CV) were the most consistent correlates of lower concurrent NA, possibly reflecting the role of <i>proportional differentiation</i> in real-time regulation. In contrast, cross-situation profile change—particularly the BC-D replacement index—was consistently associated with lower subsequent NA, suggesting that shifts in <i>strategy configuration</i> over time may support emotional adjustment. Trait-level variability indices generally showed stronger associations with NA than state-level fluctuations.</p> Conclusions <p>Findings advance a nuanced framework for ER variability, distinguishing amplitude from profile-based mechanisms and clarifying their differential temporal links to emotional outcomes across cultural contexts. This distinction has important implications for theoretical models of emotion regulation and clinical approaches to fostering emotional resilience.</p>

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Comparing Indices of Emotion Regulation Variability Across Culturally Diverse Samples: Associations with Negative Affect

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月16日

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  • Yutong Zhu,
  • Mark Shuquan Chen,
  • George A. Bonanno

摘要

Purpose

Emotion regulation (ER) variability has received increased attention given its potential affective benefits, but the substantial differences in its conceptualization and operation across studies are a threat to theoretical precision. This study directly compared six indices of between-strategy ER variability—standard deviation (SD), standard deviation controlling for mean (SDM), relative standard deviation (RSD), coefficient of variation (CV), and Bray–Curtis dissimilarity (BC-D; replacement and nestedness components)—in relation to negative affect (NA).

Methods

Using four culturally diverse Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) datasets from Germany, Belgium, and China, we examined how each index related to NA both concurrently and prospectively.

Results

Mean-adjusted amplitude variability indices (SDM, CV) were the most consistent correlates of lower concurrent NA, possibly reflecting the role of proportional differentiation in real-time regulation. In contrast, cross-situation profile change—particularly the BC-D replacement index—was consistently associated with lower subsequent NA, suggesting that shifts in strategy configuration over time may support emotional adjustment. Trait-level variability indices generally showed stronger associations with NA than state-level fluctuations.

Conclusions

Findings advance a nuanced framework for ER variability, distinguishing amplitude from profile-based mechanisms and clarifying their differential temporal links to emotional outcomes across cultural contexts. This distinction has important implications for theoretical models of emotion regulation and clinical approaches to fostering emotional resilience.