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<p>We present a vector finite element method for 3D ground-penetrating radar forward modeling in the frequency domain using exact perfectly matched layer (EPML) absorbing boundary conditions. The corresponding edge-based finite element solution, for both hexahedral and tetrahedral meshes, is derived in detail, and the attenuation characteristics of the EPMLs are compared to their standard uniaxial counterparts. In doing so, we demonstrate the superiority of EPMLs in eliminating the non-physical reflection at the boundaries of the computational domain. Further, we demonstrate that the use of EPML absorbing boundaries effectively improves the efficiency of 3D ground-penetrating frequency-domain simulations, as they require significantly fewer layers and are less parameter-dependent than conventional uniaxial perfectly matched layers. The practical viability of the proposed simulation approach is demonstrated through its application to complex 3D models, involving pronounced topography along the air–soil interface and strong heterogeneity in the probed surficial region.</p>

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Frequency-domain vector finite element forward modeling of 3D GPR data using exact PML absorbing boundary conditions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年4月25日

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  • Siyuan Ding,
  • Xun Wang,
  • Deshan Feng,
  • Linan Xu,
  • James Irving,
  • Klaus Holliger

摘要

We present a vector finite element method for 3D ground-penetrating radar forward modeling in the frequency domain using exact perfectly matched layer (EPML) absorbing boundary conditions. The corresponding edge-based finite element solution, for both hexahedral and tetrahedral meshes, is derived in detail, and the attenuation characteristics of the EPMLs are compared to their standard uniaxial counterparts. In doing so, we demonstrate the superiority of EPMLs in eliminating the non-physical reflection at the boundaries of the computational domain. Further, we demonstrate that the use of EPML absorbing boundaries effectively improves the efficiency of 3D ground-penetrating frequency-domain simulations, as they require significantly fewer layers and are less parameter-dependent than conventional uniaxial perfectly matched layers. The practical viability of the proposed simulation approach is demonstrated through its application to complex 3D models, involving pronounced topography along the air–soil interface and strong heterogeneity in the probed surficial region.