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<p>Recently, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), consisting of battery-powered sensor nodes, have been widely used by various civil/military applications to perform real-time monitoring or long-term monitoring tasks. However, due to the limited capacity of the battery, the lifetime of the sensor is limited, which in turn affects the working time of the whole system. Therefore, solving the problem of energy efficiency improvement is a fundamental step to establishing a stable/energy-efficient WSN. To address this problem, this paper has used the emerging technique of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and proposes a Novel Energy-Aware Clustering (NEAC) protocol to improve the energy efficiency of WSNs over the Internet of Things (IoT). In this protocol, UAVs are used as relay nodes to send data to the Base Station (BS), and Cluster Head (CH) selection is done only when the energy of the current CHs is not enough. CHs are selected according to the energy level, number of neighboring nodes, and the distance from the node to the BS or UAV. The routing process is divided into two parts: inter-cluster multi-hop routing and intra-cluster multi-hop routing. To improve the quality of service, the CH node mechanism will be used in intra-cluster routing. Simulation results demonstrate the performance of the proposed method in improving network stability and energy balance efficiency, and increasing network lifetime.</p>

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A novel energy-aware clustering in IoT over sensor nodes using UAVs

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月23日

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  • Zhihao Peng,
  • Seyed Mostafa Bozorgi,
  • Seyed Mohammad Razi Kordmahaleh,
  • Ali Asghar Rahmani Hosseinabadi,
  • Poria Pirozmand,
  • Seyed Saeid Mirkamali

摘要

Recently, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), consisting of battery-powered sensor nodes, have been widely used by various civil/military applications to perform real-time monitoring or long-term monitoring tasks. However, due to the limited capacity of the battery, the lifetime of the sensor is limited, which in turn affects the working time of the whole system. Therefore, solving the problem of energy efficiency improvement is a fundamental step to establishing a stable/energy-efficient WSN. To address this problem, this paper has used the emerging technique of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and proposes a Novel Energy-Aware Clustering (NEAC) protocol to improve the energy efficiency of WSNs over the Internet of Things (IoT). In this protocol, UAVs are used as relay nodes to send data to the Base Station (BS), and Cluster Head (CH) selection is done only when the energy of the current CHs is not enough. CHs are selected according to the energy level, number of neighboring nodes, and the distance from the node to the BS or UAV. The routing process is divided into two parts: inter-cluster multi-hop routing and intra-cluster multi-hop routing. To improve the quality of service, the CH node mechanism will be used in intra-cluster routing. Simulation results demonstrate the performance of the proposed method in improving network stability and energy balance efficiency, and increasing network lifetime.