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<p>The spectral and energy efficiency of millimeter-wave (mmWave) large multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems can be significantly increased using hybrid beamforming (HB) without compromising performance. However, the main drawback of the present HBs is the presence of high-power, high-resolution analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). This paper presents a Kalman-based HB based on an Adaptive Quantization Noise Model (AQNM) to estimate the optimal points to achieve better spectral and energy efficiency. The effectiveness of the AQNM-Kalman scheme is validated for a two-dimensional overlapping partially connected subarray (2D-OPC) structure, which helps minimize the hardware and computational complexity of the system. The proposed scheme’s performance is compared with previous state-of-the-art methods, including Zero Forcing Beamforming (ZF), Minimum Mean Squared Error (MMSE) beamforming, and AQNM-Kalman-based beamforming, based on spectral efficiency (SE) and energy efficiency (EE). The 2D-OPC-AQNM-Kalman-based scheme provides a noteworthy improvement in SE and EE over the existing state of art for low and moderate Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) regions of operation.</p>

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Spectrum and energy efficient Kalman based hybrid beamforming using two dimensional overlapping partially connected subarray

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月1日

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  • Gayatri D. Londhe,
  • Vaibhav S. Hendre

摘要

The spectral and energy efficiency of millimeter-wave (mmWave) large multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems can be significantly increased using hybrid beamforming (HB) without compromising performance. However, the main drawback of the present HBs is the presence of high-power, high-resolution analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). This paper presents a Kalman-based HB based on an Adaptive Quantization Noise Model (AQNM) to estimate the optimal points to achieve better spectral and energy efficiency. The effectiveness of the AQNM-Kalman scheme is validated for a two-dimensional overlapping partially connected subarray (2D-OPC) structure, which helps minimize the hardware and computational complexity of the system. The proposed scheme’s performance is compared with previous state-of-the-art methods, including Zero Forcing Beamforming (ZF), Minimum Mean Squared Error (MMSE) beamforming, and AQNM-Kalman-based beamforming, based on spectral efficiency (SE) and energy efficiency (EE). The 2D-OPC-AQNM-Kalman-based scheme provides a noteworthy improvement in SE and EE over the existing state of art for low and moderate Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) regions of operation.