<p>Chaotic maps have been widely employed for generation of pseudo-random numbers. This paper proposes an image encryption algorithm using a recently proposed chaotic map - a XOR operation based enhancement of the classical 2D Henon map (XE2DHM). The new chaotic map is verified with the help of standard simulation tools like bifurcation diagrams, trajectory diagrams, and Lyapunov exponents. The proposed image encryption algorithm is designed to ensure the achievement of two essential cryptographic properties - confusion and diffusion. The security analysis of the image encryption algorithm is done using key sensitivity analysis, randomness tests, and the differential attack analysis. The results achieved by the above simulation tests are compared with the previously reported ones available in the literature. In the differential attack simulations, the ‘NPCR’ (Mean = 99.61, SD = 0.0002) and ‘UACI’ (Mean = 33.46, SD = 0.0005) results rank among the best. The cipher-images created have horizontal, vertical and diagonal ‘Correlation Coefficient’ scores of <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10586_2025_5099_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="19" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$-$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>-</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>0.00058, <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10586_2025_5099_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="19" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$-$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>-</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>0.00163 and <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10586_2025_5099_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="19" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$-$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>-</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>0.00238, respectively. For the 8-bit grayscale images simulated for, the cipher-images are found to have ‘Localized Shannon Entropy’ scores of (Mean = 7.9, SD = 0.001). The comparison shows that the proposed algorithm performs with adequate security for image encryption.</p>

An image encryption algorithm using a XOR enhanced 2D-Henon map

期刊论文
发表日期：

2025年6月16日

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Madhu Sharma,
Priyanka Chawla

摘要

Chaotic maps have been widely employed for generation of pseudo-random numbers. This paper proposes an image encryption algorithm using a recently proposed chaotic map - a XOR operation based enhancement of the classical 2D Henon map (XE2DHM). The new chaotic map is verified with the help of standard simulation tools like bifurcation diagrams, trajectory diagrams, and Lyapunov exponents. The proposed image encryption algorithm is designed to ensure the achievement of two essential cryptographic properties - confusion and diffusion. The security analysis of the image encryption algorithm is done using key sensitivity analysis, randomness tests, and the differential attack analysis. The results achieved by the above simulation tests are compared with the previously reported ones available in the literature. In the differential attack simulations, the ‘NPCR’ (Mean = 99.61, SD = 0.0002) and ‘UACI’ (Mean = 33.46, SD = 0.0005) results rank among the best. The cipher-images created have horizontal, vertical and diagonal ‘Correlation Coefficient’ scores of $-$ $-$ 0.00058, $-$ $-$ 0.00163 and $-$ $-$ 0.00238, respectively. For the 8-bit grayscale images simulated for, the cipher-images are found to have ‘Localized Shannon Entropy’ scores of (Mean = 7.9, SD = 0.001). The comparison shows that the proposed algorithm performs with adequate security for image encryption.