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<p>The global net-zero carbon goal requires a transition from fossil fuels to clean energy. Households are the smallest energy consumers and the last milestone on the way to achieving a clean energy transition. The success of the household clean energy transition (HCET) is directly related to achieving the net-zero carbon goal and is closely tied to household health and welfare issues. This study utilizes the 2017 Chinese clean heating plan as a quasi-natural experiment to investigate the carbon emission reduction and air pollution control effects of HCET, employing panel data from 128 cities in northern China from 2010 to 2022. Moreover, this study examines the potential impact of HCET on residents’ health and energy costs. The results suggest that, first, HCET in rural areas significantly reduces carbon and pollutant emissions. This conclusion was validated after a series of robust tests. Second, HCET can considerably lower local incidence rates of lung diseases, and this health effect exhibits considerable regional and gender heterogeneity. Third, while HCET helps reduce the cost of fuel and heating for rural households, it squeezes out other types of consumption, leading to a decrease in overall household consumption, which potentially violates the justice of the transition process. This study provides insights for policymakers on the impact of HCET on environmental protection and health improvement, thereby supporting household clean energy transitions.</p>

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The environmental, health and cost effects of the household clean energy transition: evidence from clean heating in rural northern China

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月8日

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  • Mingjie Jia,
  • Chutong Wang,
  • Mojie Li,
  • Kun Zhang

摘要

The global net-zero carbon goal requires a transition from fossil fuels to clean energy. Households are the smallest energy consumers and the last milestone on the way to achieving a clean energy transition. The success of the household clean energy transition (HCET) is directly related to achieving the net-zero carbon goal and is closely tied to household health and welfare issues. This study utilizes the 2017 Chinese clean heating plan as a quasi-natural experiment to investigate the carbon emission reduction and air pollution control effects of HCET, employing panel data from 128 cities in northern China from 2010 to 2022. Moreover, this study examines the potential impact of HCET on residents’ health and energy costs. The results suggest that, first, HCET in rural areas significantly reduces carbon and pollutant emissions. This conclusion was validated after a series of robust tests. Second, HCET can considerably lower local incidence rates of lung diseases, and this health effect exhibits considerable regional and gender heterogeneity. Third, while HCET helps reduce the cost of fuel and heating for rural households, it squeezes out other types of consumption, leading to a decrease in overall household consumption, which potentially violates the justice of the transition process. This study provides insights for policymakers on the impact of HCET on environmental protection and health improvement, thereby supporting household clean energy transitions.