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<p>Peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) remain a major cause of long-term disability, with standard treatments such as microsurgical repair and autologous grafting often yielding incomplete recovery due to slow axonal regeneration, fibrotic scarring, and limited reinnervation. Emerging therapies, including electrical stimulation (ES) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP), have shown promise but remain insufficient as standalone interventions. ES enhances axonal elongation, remyelination, and neuroplasticity by upregulating regeneration-associated genes and neurotrophins, while PRP delivers autologous growth factors that promote angiogenesis, Schwann cell activation, immunomodulation, and antioxidant defense. Both therapies converge on shared pathways by reducing inflammation, oxidative stress, and scar formation, thereby remodeling the microenvironment into a pro-regenerative niche. Preclinical evidence indicates that combining ES and PRP provides complementary benefits, with ES priming the injury site and PRP sustaining trophic support, resulting in superior axonal density, myelination, and functional recovery compared to monotherapies. Future directions emphasize personalized protocols, optimized ES parameters, standardized PRP formulations, and integration with biomaterials and closed-loop stimulation systems. Translation to clinical practice, however, requires standardized guidelines and rigorous randomized controlled trials to validate these multimodal strategies and enable patient-specific regenerative therapies.</p> Graphical Abstract <p>A visual summary of the nerve regeneration process, showcasing how electrical stimulation and platelet-rich plasma target shared pathways through&#xa0;complementary mechanisms. The graphic also explores future innovations like biomaterial integration and personalized medicine approaches.</p> <p></p>

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Electrical Stimulation and Platelet-Rich Plasma as Complementary Approaches for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月29日

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  • Sardar Ali,
  • Mir Muhammad Nizamani,
  • Muhammad Nadeem Khan,
  • Muhammad Ikram,
  • Mehtab Khan,
  • Seedahmed S. Mahmoud

摘要

Peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) remain a major cause of long-term disability, with standard treatments such as microsurgical repair and autologous grafting often yielding incomplete recovery due to slow axonal regeneration, fibrotic scarring, and limited reinnervation. Emerging therapies, including electrical stimulation (ES) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP), have shown promise but remain insufficient as standalone interventions. ES enhances axonal elongation, remyelination, and neuroplasticity by upregulating regeneration-associated genes and neurotrophins, while PRP delivers autologous growth factors that promote angiogenesis, Schwann cell activation, immunomodulation, and antioxidant defense. Both therapies converge on shared pathways by reducing inflammation, oxidative stress, and scar formation, thereby remodeling the microenvironment into a pro-regenerative niche. Preclinical evidence indicates that combining ES and PRP provides complementary benefits, with ES priming the injury site and PRP sustaining trophic support, resulting in superior axonal density, myelination, and functional recovery compared to monotherapies. Future directions emphasize personalized protocols, optimized ES parameters, standardized PRP formulations, and integration with biomaterials and closed-loop stimulation systems. Translation to clinical practice, however, requires standardized guidelines and rigorous randomized controlled trials to validate these multimodal strategies and enable patient-specific regenerative therapies.

Graphical Abstract

A visual summary of the nerve regeneration process, showcasing how electrical stimulation and platelet-rich plasma target shared pathways through complementary mechanisms. The graphic also explores future innovations like biomaterial integration and personalized medicine approaches.