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Abstract <p>Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) were extracted from the peel of <i>Solanum lycocarpum</i> (wolf fruit) using sulfuric acid hydrolysis at concentrations of 0.1%, 1%, and 10%. These nanofibers were incorporated into starch-based films produced via casting, and the resulting materials were analyzed for their structural, mechanical, thermal, and optical characteristics. The addition of CNFs led to significant enhancements in tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and opacity, along with a reduction in moisture content. Among the formulations, the film reinforced with CNFs from the 0.1% acid treatment exhibited the best mechanical performance (tensile strength = 7.45&#xa0;MPa; Young’s modulus = 471.57&#xa0;MPa), attributed to improved nanofiber dispersion and stronger interactions within the starch matrix. In contrast, nanofibers obtained using higher acid concentrations (1% and 10%) showed partial structural degradation, resulting in nanocomposites with reduced tensile strength compared to F0.1—likely due to reduced hydrogen bonding between CNFs and starch chains. Additionally, the use of 0.1% H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> is favorable in terms of environmental and cost considerations, reducing both reagent usage and energy demand during processing. Overall, the study demonstrates the feasibility of producing fully bio-based nanocomposites by utilizing both starch and cellulose nanofibers derived from the same fruit, offering a sustainable solution for biodegradable packaging applications.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Biodegradable nanocomposites from wolf fruit: reinforcement of starch films with cellulose nanofibers extracted from peel waste

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月22日

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  • Amanda Lélis Souza,
  • Letícia Morais Costa Teixeira,
  • Maria Betânia de Freitas-Marques,
  • Sandra de Oliveira Silva,
  • Guilherme Carneiro,
  • Franciele Maria Pelissari

摘要

Abstract

Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) were extracted from the peel of Solanum lycocarpum (wolf fruit) using sulfuric acid hydrolysis at concentrations of 0.1%, 1%, and 10%. These nanofibers were incorporated into starch-based films produced via casting, and the resulting materials were analyzed for their structural, mechanical, thermal, and optical characteristics. The addition of CNFs led to significant enhancements in tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and opacity, along with a reduction in moisture content. Among the formulations, the film reinforced with CNFs from the 0.1% acid treatment exhibited the best mechanical performance (tensile strength = 7.45 MPa; Young’s modulus = 471.57 MPa), attributed to improved nanofiber dispersion and stronger interactions within the starch matrix. In contrast, nanofibers obtained using higher acid concentrations (1% and 10%) showed partial structural degradation, resulting in nanocomposites with reduced tensile strength compared to F0.1—likely due to reduced hydrogen bonding between CNFs and starch chains. Additionally, the use of 0.1% H2SO4 is favorable in terms of environmental and cost considerations, reducing both reagent usage and energy demand during processing. Overall, the study demonstrates the feasibility of producing fully bio-based nanocomposites by utilizing both starch and cellulose nanofibers derived from the same fruit, offering a sustainable solution for biodegradable packaging applications.

Graphical Abstract