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<p>In this study, cellulose microfibers (CMFs) were extracted from guinea grass seed waste and modified through chemical (octenyl succinic anhydride, OSA; sodium trimetaphosphate, STMP) and physical (cold plasma, CP; gamma irradiation, GR) treatments to improve compatibility with pea protein matrices. The modifications notably influenced the CMF properties, resulting in lower crystallinity, finer particle sizes, and improved thermal stability, particularly in the CP- and GR-treated samples. When these CMFs were incorporated into pea protein films, the performance of the untreated CMFs decreased (tensile strength, TS 2.10&#xa0;MPa; elongation at break, EAB 43.3%) due to poor interaction. In contrast, OSA-modified CMFs enhanced the strength and stiffness (TS 3.35&#xa0;MPa; Young’s modulus, YM 6.15&#xa0;MPa), whereas STMP, CP, and GR improved the flexibility, with the highest elongation observed in the STMP films (82.1%). Compared with that of the control film, the water vapor permeability of the GR-modified films decreased by nearly 38%. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed increased molecular ordering in films containing OSA-, CP- and GA-modified CMFs. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed smoother, more homogeneous surfaces in the CP- and GR-modified CMF films than in the rough, phase-separated structure of the untreated CMF films. Overall, surface modification of CMFs enables improvements in mechanical, barrier, and structural properties, offering a sustainable way to improve protein-based packaging films.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Reinforcement of pea protein-based composite films with surface-modified cellulose microfibers

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月29日

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  • Anshika Bhatti,
  • Yograj Bist,
  • Yogesh Kumar,
  • Mohit Nagar,
  • D. C. Saxena

摘要

In this study, cellulose microfibers (CMFs) were extracted from guinea grass seed waste and modified through chemical (octenyl succinic anhydride, OSA; sodium trimetaphosphate, STMP) and physical (cold plasma, CP; gamma irradiation, GR) treatments to improve compatibility with pea protein matrices. The modifications notably influenced the CMF properties, resulting in lower crystallinity, finer particle sizes, and improved thermal stability, particularly in the CP- and GR-treated samples. When these CMFs were incorporated into pea protein films, the performance of the untreated CMFs decreased (tensile strength, TS 2.10 MPa; elongation at break, EAB 43.3%) due to poor interaction. In contrast, OSA-modified CMFs enhanced the strength and stiffness (TS 3.35 MPa; Young’s modulus, YM 6.15 MPa), whereas STMP, CP, and GR improved the flexibility, with the highest elongation observed in the STMP films (82.1%). Compared with that of the control film, the water vapor permeability of the GR-modified films decreased by nearly 38%. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed increased molecular ordering in films containing OSA-, CP- and GA-modified CMFs. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed smoother, more homogeneous surfaces in the CP- and GR-modified CMF films than in the rough, phase-separated structure of the untreated CMF films. Overall, surface modification of CMFs enables improvements in mechanical, barrier, and structural properties, offering a sustainable way to improve protein-based packaging films.

Graphical abstract