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<p>This study presents a templating strategy using sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), a biodegradable and biocompatible polysaccharide, to synthesize porous SiO<sub>2</sub>–CaO–P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>–Na<sub>2</sub>O bioactive glass via the sol–gel method. CMC was selected because its hydrophilic and film-forming properties facilitate homogeneous gelation, and its complete thermal decomposition during calcination leaves interconnected pores that enhance scaffold bioactivity. Two formulations, CMC5 and CMC10, were prepared by incorporating 5 wt.% and 10 wt.% CMC into the sol, enabling evaluation of template concentration on structure and performance. Characterization revealed that CMC templating increased porosity and pore volume without altering the glass chemistry, while XRD confirmed changes in crystallinity with higher CMC content. Mechanically, CMC5 achieved improved compressive strength (3.6&#xa0;MPa) and modulus (2.1&#xa0;MPa) compared to pure BG, aligning with cancellous bone requirements. In vitro tests demonstrated enhanced hydroxyapatite formation in simulated body fluid and high cell viability in MC3T3 cultures, particularly for CMC5. These findings highlight CMC templating as a simple and effective approach to tune porosity and performance of sol–gel bioactive glass for bone tissue engineering applications.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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A templating approach for porous silica bioactive glass using sodium methylcellulose

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月11日

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  • Maryam Sarmast Shoushtari,
  • Dayang Radiah Awang Biak,
  • D. A. Hoey,
  • N. Abdullah,
  • H. S. Zainuddin,
  • S. Kamarudin

摘要

This study presents a templating strategy using sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), a biodegradable and biocompatible polysaccharide, to synthesize porous SiO2–CaO–P2O5–Na2O bioactive glass via the sol–gel method. CMC was selected because its hydrophilic and film-forming properties facilitate homogeneous gelation, and its complete thermal decomposition during calcination leaves interconnected pores that enhance scaffold bioactivity. Two formulations, CMC5 and CMC10, were prepared by incorporating 5 wt.% and 10 wt.% CMC into the sol, enabling evaluation of template concentration on structure and performance. Characterization revealed that CMC templating increased porosity and pore volume without altering the glass chemistry, while XRD confirmed changes in crystallinity with higher CMC content. Mechanically, CMC5 achieved improved compressive strength (3.6 MPa) and modulus (2.1 MPa) compared to pure BG, aligning with cancellous bone requirements. In vitro tests demonstrated enhanced hydroxyapatite formation in simulated body fluid and high cell viability in MC3T3 cultures, particularly for CMC5. These findings highlight CMC templating as a simple and effective approach to tune porosity and performance of sol–gel bioactive glass for bone tissue engineering applications.

Graphical abstract