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Abstract <p>Cotton fabrics, widely used in medical textiles, are susceptible to microbial colonization due to their moisture absorption and porous structure. This study investigates the covalent immobilization of ciprofloxacin and ampicillin onto cotton fabrics to develop durable antibacterial textiles. Functionalization was achieved via cellulose tosylation followed by nucleophilic substitution with the piperazine group of ciprofloxacin and the amino group of ampicillin. Fabrics were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). FTIR spectra confirmed antibiotic incorporation through the appearance and intensification of characteristic bands, while EDS analysis revealed elemental signals with uniform surface distribution. Ciprofloxacin-functionalized cotton (C-CIP) exhibited strong and durable antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones of 33&#xa0;mm (<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>) and 34&#xa0;mm (<i>Escherichia coli</i>), which remained 25&#xa0;mm and 26&#xa0;mm, respectively, after five washing cycles. Physically treated ciprofloxacin (A-CIP) samples displayed similar initial activity (34–35&#xa0;mm) but significantly lower wash durability (reduced to 19–20&#xa0;mm). For ampicillin, chemically modified fabrics (C-AMP) exhibited an initial 22&#xa0;mm inhibition zone against <i>S. aureus</i>, which was completely lost after washing, while no activity was observed against <i>E. coli</i>, consistent with inherent resistance. Colorimetric analysis revealed higher initial color changes (ΔE) for C-CIP and C-AMP (18.40 and 10.05, respectively) compared to A-CIP and A-AMP (10.30 and 4.66, respectively), with substantially better retention after washing. Mechanical properties were minimally affected, with tensile strength reductions of 0.2% for C-CIP and 4.1% for C-AMP. Overall, the results offered a promising strategy for long-lasting antimicrobial cotton textiles.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Investigation of durable antibacterial cotton fabric via covalent immobilization of ciprofloxacin and ampicillin

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月22日

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  • Omid Shahidi,
  • Mohammad Zarei,
  • Hossein Barani,
  • Hassan Sheibani

摘要

Abstract

Cotton fabrics, widely used in medical textiles, are susceptible to microbial colonization due to their moisture absorption and porous structure. This study investigates the covalent immobilization of ciprofloxacin and ampicillin onto cotton fabrics to develop durable antibacterial textiles. Functionalization was achieved via cellulose tosylation followed by nucleophilic substitution with the piperazine group of ciprofloxacin and the amino group of ampicillin. Fabrics were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). FTIR spectra confirmed antibiotic incorporation through the appearance and intensification of characteristic bands, while EDS analysis revealed elemental signals with uniform surface distribution. Ciprofloxacin-functionalized cotton (C-CIP) exhibited strong and durable antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones of 33 mm (Staphylococcus aureus) and 34 mm (Escherichia coli), which remained 25 mm and 26 mm, respectively, after five washing cycles. Physically treated ciprofloxacin (A-CIP) samples displayed similar initial activity (34–35 mm) but significantly lower wash durability (reduced to 19–20 mm). For ampicillin, chemically modified fabrics (C-AMP) exhibited an initial 22 mm inhibition zone against S. aureus, which was completely lost after washing, while no activity was observed against E. coli, consistent with inherent resistance. Colorimetric analysis revealed higher initial color changes (ΔE) for C-CIP and C-AMP (18.40 and 10.05, respectively) compared to A-CIP and A-AMP (10.30 and 4.66, respectively), with substantially better retention after washing. Mechanical properties were minimally affected, with tensile strength reductions of 0.2% for C-CIP and 4.1% for C-AMP. Overall, the results offered a promising strategy for long-lasting antimicrobial cotton textiles.

Graphical abstract