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<p>Cellulose, one of the most prevalent biopolymers, and its derivatives find applications in a multitude of fields, particularly in biomedicine and biology. To enhance the functionality of cellulose, the introduction of bioactive groups becomes imperative. This research implemented direct and effective surface modification of cellulose through a homogeneous chloroacetylation process in N,N'-butylmethylimidazolium chloride, followed by reactions with triethylamine and triphenylphosphine to yield quaternary ammonium-modified cellulose (Cell-Ac-TEACl) and phosphonium-modified cellulose (Cell-Ac-TPPCl). It can be stated that this process is the most appropriate and affordable procedure to employ antimicrobial agents to cellulose in mild conditions. Chloroacetyl cellulose (Cell-AcCl), Cell-Ac-TEACl, and Cell-Ac-TPPCl were characterized by SEM, FT-IR, CP/MAS <sup>13</sup>C-NMR, XRD, and TGA. The antimicrobial activity of Cell-AcCl, Cell-Ac-TEACl, and Cell-Ac-TPPCl towards gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, and fungi were examined using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and agar disk-diffusion methods. The growth inhibition of the fungal strains, <i>S. cervisiae</i> and <i>C. guilliermondii,</i> and the Gram-positive <i>B. subtilis</i>, reached almost 100% in the presence of Cell-Ac-TEACl and Cell-Ac-TPPCl with a MIC ranged from 1.0 to 2.0&#xa0;mg/mL. Time-kill kinetics studies showed that Cell-Ac-TEACl and Cell-Ac-TPPCl possess bacteriostatic action. The observed antimicrobial properties exhibited by Cell-Ac-TEACl and Cell-Ac-TPPCl highlight their wastewater treatment and plausible biomedical applications.</p>

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Cationic cellulose derivatives featuring quaternary ammonium/ phosphonium salts synthesized via homogenous chloroacetylation: characterization and antimicrobial activity

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月10日

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  • Amany S. EL-Khouly,
  • Rasha Abu-Khudir

摘要

Cellulose, one of the most prevalent biopolymers, and its derivatives find applications in a multitude of fields, particularly in biomedicine and biology. To enhance the functionality of cellulose, the introduction of bioactive groups becomes imperative. This research implemented direct and effective surface modification of cellulose through a homogeneous chloroacetylation process in N,N'-butylmethylimidazolium chloride, followed by reactions with triethylamine and triphenylphosphine to yield quaternary ammonium-modified cellulose (Cell-Ac-TEACl) and phosphonium-modified cellulose (Cell-Ac-TPPCl). It can be stated that this process is the most appropriate and affordable procedure to employ antimicrobial agents to cellulose in mild conditions. Chloroacetyl cellulose (Cell-AcCl), Cell-Ac-TEACl, and Cell-Ac-TPPCl were characterized by SEM, FT-IR, CP/MAS 13C-NMR, XRD, and TGA. The antimicrobial activity of Cell-AcCl, Cell-Ac-TEACl, and Cell-Ac-TPPCl towards gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, and fungi were examined using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and agar disk-diffusion methods. The growth inhibition of the fungal strains, S. cervisiae and C. guilliermondii, and the Gram-positive B. subtilis, reached almost 100% in the presence of Cell-Ac-TEACl and Cell-Ac-TPPCl with a MIC ranged from 1.0 to 2.0 mg/mL. Time-kill kinetics studies showed that Cell-Ac-TEACl and Cell-Ac-TPPCl possess bacteriostatic action. The observed antimicrobial properties exhibited by Cell-Ac-TEACl and Cell-Ac-TPPCl highlight their wastewater treatment and plausible biomedical applications.