<p>Nitrocellulose (NC) is a high-energy material widely used in various industrial and military applications due to its unique properties. This literature review comprehensively examines the key aspects of NC, including its physical and chemical properties, pyrolysis mechanisms, chemical kinetics, and fire behavior. The quality of NC is influenced by its nitrogen content, viscosity, and the presence of stabilizers. Pyrolysis of NC involves a combination of autocatalytic and N-order reactions, with the initial cleavage of the O–NO₂ bond leading to the formation of NO₂, which catalyzes further decomposition. Chemical kinetics studies reveal that NC decomposition can be described by first-order and N-order kinetic models, with significant effects from the nitrogen content. Humectants such as water and alcohols are critical in enhancing NC's thermal stability and fire behavior, with optimal concentrations significantly reducing the risk of spontaneous combustion. Various stabilizers, including aromatic amines, urea derivatives, and advanced materials like fullerenes and ionic liquids, have been evaluated for their effectiveness in enhancing NC stability. These stabilizers function through complex mechanisms involving nitration, nitrosation, and adsorption processes. The fire behavior of NC is significantly influenced by the presence of volatile components, sample morphology, and external radiation. This review underscores the need for advanced stabilization techniques, comprehensive fire behavior studies, detailed kinetic modeling, and further investigation into the long-term dynamics of humectants and environmental impacts. The findings provide valuable insights for improving the safety and performance of NC, ensuring its continued relevance in various applications.</p>