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<p>This review explores the evolution of materials used in bone tissue engineering, with a focus on scaffolds designed to support bone repair and regeneration. Key scaffold requirements-such as porosity to facilitate cell infiltration and vascularization, biocompatibility to avoid immune response, controlled biodegradability to match tissue regeneration rates, and tunable mechanical properties-are discussed as essential parameters. Emphasis is placed on the use of naturally derived polymers due to their biomimetic properties and favorable interaction with cells. The review examines widely studied biopolymers such as gelatin, collagen, silk fibroin, and chitosan, highlighting their advantages and limitations. Most importantly, the discussion culminates with cellulose and its derivatives-including cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), cellulose microfibrils, carboxymethyl cellulose, TEMPO CNF-which are gaining increasing attention for their mechanical strength, tunability, and sustainable sourcing. The review provides insights into the promise of cellulosic scaffolds in advancing the next generation of bone repair strategies.</p>

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Bone tissue engineering, scaffold requirements and the utilization of natural polymers

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月23日

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  • Adeola Fadahunsi,
  • Marisa Johnson,
  • Sheikh Rahman,
  • Michael D. Mason

摘要

This review explores the evolution of materials used in bone tissue engineering, with a focus on scaffolds designed to support bone repair and regeneration. Key scaffold requirements-such as porosity to facilitate cell infiltration and vascularization, biocompatibility to avoid immune response, controlled biodegradability to match tissue regeneration rates, and tunable mechanical properties-are discussed as essential parameters. Emphasis is placed on the use of naturally derived polymers due to their biomimetic properties and favorable interaction with cells. The review examines widely studied biopolymers such as gelatin, collagen, silk fibroin, and chitosan, highlighting their advantages and limitations. Most importantly, the discussion culminates with cellulose and its derivatives-including cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), cellulose microfibrils, carboxymethyl cellulose, TEMPO CNF-which are gaining increasing attention for their mechanical strength, tunability, and sustainable sourcing. The review provides insights into the promise of cellulosic scaffolds in advancing the next generation of bone repair strategies.