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<p>Lignin-containing cellulose nanofibrils (LCNFs) have attracted significant attention for their enhanced hydrophobicity and thermal stability. However, producing LCNFs with tunable properties for diverse applications through a sustainable process that does not require delignification remains a challenge. Herein, LCNFs with adjustable properties were successfully fabricated from wood sawdust using a maleic acid (MA)/citric acid (CA) treatment followed by high-pressure homogenization. MA and CA showed synergistic effect in the treatment process: MA removed part of the lignin and hemicellulose, which exposed more hydroxy groups on the cellulose fibrils, thereby facilitating the esterification reaction of CA to introduce more carboxyl groups on the fibrils. By varying the mass ratio of MA to CA, LCNFs with lignin content ranging from 4.23 ± 0.1% to 19.98 ± 0.39%, mean diameters from 2.4 to 5.4&#xa0;nm and aspect ratio from 200 to 350 were prepared. Recycling experiments confirmed the reusability of mixed acid, with LCNF properties remaining consistent over three cycles. The LCNF-based aerogel prepared via directional freezing showed ultra-low density, good mechanical properties and superior thermal insulation. This study developed a novel and sustainable approach for fabricating LCNFs from wood sawdust, presenting a promising green nanomaterial with significant potential for diverse practical applications.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Maleic-citric acid treatment for production of lignin-containing cellulose nanofibrils from sawdust

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月2日

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  • Liping Li,
  • Yulan Lu,
  • Shuqi Cao,
  • Meng Qin,
  • Liufang He,
  • Junqi Liao,
  • Zhinan Wang

摘要

Lignin-containing cellulose nanofibrils (LCNFs) have attracted significant attention for their enhanced hydrophobicity and thermal stability. However, producing LCNFs with tunable properties for diverse applications through a sustainable process that does not require delignification remains a challenge. Herein, LCNFs with adjustable properties were successfully fabricated from wood sawdust using a maleic acid (MA)/citric acid (CA) treatment followed by high-pressure homogenization. MA and CA showed synergistic effect in the treatment process: MA removed part of the lignin and hemicellulose, which exposed more hydroxy groups on the cellulose fibrils, thereby facilitating the esterification reaction of CA to introduce more carboxyl groups on the fibrils. By varying the mass ratio of MA to CA, LCNFs with lignin content ranging from 4.23 ± 0.1% to 19.98 ± 0.39%, mean diameters from 2.4 to 5.4 nm and aspect ratio from 200 to 350 were prepared. Recycling experiments confirmed the reusability of mixed acid, with LCNF properties remaining consistent over three cycles. The LCNF-based aerogel prepared via directional freezing showed ultra-low density, good mechanical properties and superior thermal insulation. This study developed a novel and sustainable approach for fabricating LCNFs from wood sawdust, presenting a promising green nanomaterial with significant potential for diverse practical applications.

Graphical abstract